Lord Of The Flies: Can Someone Be Innately Evil Or Innately Good? :: essays research papers

The difference in the way earthly concern perceive things is part of the complexity of mankind. What is thought of as atrocious to one person can be seen as safe(p) to another, and vice versa. The issue of good and evil is brought up in William Goldings original of the Flies, when innocent boys be set on an island to bear the weight of society on their backs. What happens to them? How do past(a) influences effect them? Are their actions good or evil? The actions of the boys were not a matter of universe good or evil, but were actions for survival. A mans environment does not influence him towards good or evil, nor is he born with it inside. Man has instincts and inner drives that are not matters of good and evil, but of survival. Humans are always, by natural instinct, going to do what is best(p) for them and their survival. Animals, much like men, kill when in shoot. For instance, when they feel they are backed into a corner, they will attack, and when they need food, they will kill to eat. In noble of the Flies, Ralph was being hunted by Jacks tribe, and in a desperate attempt in his defense, he thrust his spear through a go against at the inspecting savages. Ralph attacked someone of his own kind for his own survival. It can be believed that man is the derivative of others animals, and as such, they have certain instincts that were instilled from birth. The boys on the island later began to agree the behavior of animals. At once the crowd surged after it, poured down the rock, leapt on to the wildcat, screamed, struck, bit, tore. There were no words, and no movements but the tearing of teeth and claws (153). William Goldings exposition of this scene leads a reader to believe that these boys took on animal like qualities. What kind of human rupture with teeth and claws? The boys mistake Simon for their beast and result in ruthlessly killing him. In their state of mind of savagery and hunting, they saw themselves in danger of this beast and the ir first instinct was to kill anything in spy that had the possibility of being it. Humans and animals have a natural instinct to protect themselves in the caseful of danger, like attacking when backed into a corner.Lord Of The Flies Can Someone Be Innately Evil Or Innately Good? essays research papers The difference in the way humans perceive things is part of the complexity of mankind. What is thought of as evil to one person can be seen as good to another, and vice versa. The issue of good and evil is brought up in William Goldings Lord of the Flies, when innocent boys are set on an island to bear the weight of society on their backs. What happens to them? How do past influences effect them? Are their actions good or evil? The actions of the boys were not a matter of being good or evil, but were actions for survival. A mans environment does not influence him towards good or evil, nor is he born with it inside. Man has instincts and inner drives that are not matters of good a nd evil, but of survival. Humans are always, by natural instinct, going to do what is best for them and their survival. Animals, much like men, kill when in need. For instance, when they feel they are backed into a corner, they will attack, and when they need food, they will kill to eat. In Lord of the Flies, Ralph was being hunted by Jacks tribe, and in a desperate attempt in his defense, he thrust his spear through a crack at the inspecting savages. Ralph attacked someone of his own kind for his own survival. It can be believed that man is the derivative of others animals, and as such, they have certain instincts that were instilled from birth. The boys on the island later began to resemble the behavior of animals. At once the crowd surged after it, poured down the rock, leapt on to the beast, screamed, struck, bit, tore. There were no words, and no movements but the tearing of teeth and claws (153). William Goldings description of this scene leads a reader to believe that these b oys took on animal like qualities. What kind of human tears with teeth and claws? The boys mistake Simon for their beast and result in ruthlessly killing him. In their state of mind of savagery and hunting, they saw themselves in danger of this beast and their first instinct was to kill anything in sight that had the possibility of being it. Humans and animals have a natural instinct to protect themselves in the face of danger, like attacking when backed into a corner.

FRANKENSTEIN Essay -- Essays Papers

FRANKENSTEIN In the story Frankenstein, written by the author bloody shame Shelley, master Frankensteindecided that wanted to create a being out of people that were already dead. He believed that he could bring people back from the grave. playing with nature in such a way would make him play the role of God. With Victor Frankenstein feeling that he had no true friends, the only easiness he had of expressing his feeling was through letters to Elizabeth.Elizabeth was not Victors true sister but he love her very dearly, making sure to always redeem her when ever he had the chance. Yet, when Victor left something strange came over him. Already being interested in subjects such as natural philosophy and chemistry, he fall upon the question of how to bring someone back to life. He becamevery involved in this project and worked on it for days on end. The project had to do with defying the laws of nature. Victor believe wholeheartedly that he could bring the dead back to life. He fel t that the dead were not ready to die and they were just resting. Victor became so self absorbed into his project that he seem to forget all thatwas important to him. He even disengaged himself from all the people he loved in his life. People like his father, Elizabeth, and other loved ones. Victor began to write less and less. Yet, it was not until Elizabeth got a discouraged letter from Victor, did his love ones start to on the lookout about him. Though, the letter was full of words, it gave no relief ...

Invisible Man - Invisible to White Society :: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

The reason I chose, THE INVISIBLE MAN, is because the black man in this story symbolizes the black the black man in society which is set up to fail. He is used, humiliated, and discriminated against through the whole book. He feels that he is invisible to society because society does non view him as a real person. Reading this book was rattling difficult, because the book was written in first person singular. I had to think hard on my opinion of Ellisons underlining contentedness in this book. To do this I had to strike the question, what drives a man to believe that he is invisible to a society of people?The book starts out with a Negro boy shy and worn comes to a southern town to be awarded a scholarship. Together with some more Negro boys he is go to front of the ballroom were they witness a blond women dancing in the nude. This fiascle is frightening to the boys, because during this period in history a black man could throw gotten hung for looking at albumen lady, not to mention a naked white lady. After this flatt the boys are blindfolded and made to beat apiece other to a bloody pulp. subsequently the boy is made to give a speech of gratitude to the drunken white people while swallowing and nearly strangulation on his on blood. After this august opening the book kind of mellows out some. Next he goes off to college but while in school day makes a mistake and takes a white donor through a Negro gin mill. Which from this event he gets expelled. Thinking he has a letter of recommendation, but it is really a document warning potential employers not to hire him written by Dr.Bledsoe the same man who through him out of the college he adored so much. He travels to raw(a) York City. Once in New York his attitude changes it seems that all his misfortunes have taken an effect on him and his attitude changes. He joins a Communist group in which the reader can see the bitterness in his heart. Yet in the book Ellison talks about the political party s o bad it is a approve they caught the I of his character at all. He later leaves the group. Yet, still it amazed me that a man could feel so out of place or even unwanted enough to join the communist party.Invisible humankind - Invisible to White Society Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man The reason I chose, THE INVISIBLE MAN, is because the black man in this story symbolizes the black the black man in society which is set up to fail. He is used, humiliated, and discriminated against through the whole book. He feels that he is invisible to society because society does not view him as a real person. Reading this book was very difficult, because the book was written in first person singular. I had to think hard on my opinion of Ellisons underlining message in this book. To do this I had to ask the question, what drives a man to believe that he is invisible to a society of people?The book starts out with a Negro boy shy and timid comes to a southern town to be awarded a scholarship. Tog ether with some more Negro boys he is rushed to front of the ballroom were they witness a blond women dancing in the nude. This fiascle is frightening to the boys, because during this period in history a black man could have gotten hung for looking at white lady, not to mention a naked white lady. After this event the boys are blindfolded and made to beat each other to a bloody pulp. Afterwards the boy is made to give a speech of gratitude to the drunken white people while swallowing and nearly choking on his on blood. After this shocking opening the book kind of mellows out some. Next he goes off to college but while in school makes a mistake and takes a white donor through a Negro gin mill. Which from this event he gets expelled. Thinking he has a letter of recommendation, but it is really a document warning potential employers not to hire him written by Dr.Bledsoe the same man who through him out of the college he adored so much. He travels to New York City. Once in New York his attitude changes it seems that all his misfortunes have taken an effect on him and his attitude changes. He joins a Communist group in which the reader can see the bitterness in his heart. Yet in the book Ellison talks about the party so bad it is a wonder they caught the I of his character at all. He later leaves the group. Yet, still it amazed me that a man could feel so out of place or even unwanted enough to join the communist party.

Platos Republic :: essays research papers

Why do men behave justly? Is it because they fear societal punishment? Are they trembling before notions of divine retaliation? Do the stronger elements of society scare the weak into submission in the name of law? Or do men behave justly because it is good for them to do so? Is justice, regardless of its rewards and punishments, a good thing in and of itself? How do we fructify justice? Plato sets out to answer these questions in the Republic. He wants to define justice, and to define it in such a way as to show that justice is worthwhile in and of itself. He meets these two challenges with a single solution a definition of justice that appeals to human psychology, rather than to perceived behavior.Platos strategy in the Republic is to first explicate the primary notion of societal, or political, justice, and hence to derive an analogous concept of individual justice. In Books II, III, and IV, Plato identifies political justice as harmony in a structured political body. An idea l society consists of three main classes of peopleproducers (craftsmen, farmers, artisans, etc.), auxiliaries (warriors), and guardians (rulers) a society is just when relations between these three classes are right. Each group must perform its allot function, and only that function, and each must be in the right position of power in relation to the others. Rulers must rule, auxiliaries must uphold rulers convictions, and producers must secure themselves to exercising whatever skills nature granted them (farming, blacksmithing, painting, etc.) Justice is a principle of specialization a principle that requires that each person fulfill the societal percentage to which nature fitted him and not interfere in any other business.At the end of Book IV, Plato tries to show that individual justice mirrors political justice. He claims that the psyche of every individual has a three part structure analagous to the three classes of a society. There is a rational part of the soul, which seek s after truth and is trusty for our philosophical inclinations a spirited part of the soul, which desires honor and is responsible for our feelings of anger and indignation and an appetitive part of the soul, which lusts after all sorts of things, but money intimately of all (since money must be used to fulfill any other base desire). The just individual can be defined in analogy with the just society the three parts of his soul achieve the requisite relationships of power and influence in regard to one another.

Character Analysis of Dee Johnson in Everyday Use by Alice Walker Essa

Alice Walker crafts the character of Dee Johnson in the short story Everyday Use in a clever way. jump from the first paragraph, Walker creates an image of Dee, who at first foreseems very shallow. Dee then becomes a more complex character as the story progresses. Blessed with some(prenominal) brains and beauty, Dee emerges as someone who is still struggling with her identity and heritage. Dee is a flat character, who is described as arrogant and selfish. Through the eyes of Dee, one can see her egotistical nature. Dee is portrayed as a light-skinned black person who feels as though she is better than everyone else because her waist is small, her skin is light, she has a nice path of hair, and she is somewhat educated. Although she may be educated when it comes to college, she is not educated w...

Character Analysis of Dee Johnson in Everyday Use by Alice Walker Essa

Alice Walker crafts the character of Dee Johnson in the short story Everyday Use in a pertinent way. Starting from the first paragraph, Walker creates an image of Dee, who at first seems very shallow. Dee then becomes a more complex character as the story progresses. blame with both brains and beauty, Dee emerges as someone who is still struggling with her identity and heritage. Dee is a flat character, who is described as arrogant and selfish. Through the eyes of Dee, one rouse see her egotistical nature. Dee is portrayed as a light-skinned black person who feels as though she is better than everyone else because her waist is small, her skin is light, she has a comminuted grade of hair, and she is somewhat educated. Although she may be educated when it comes to college, she is not educated w...

Compare and Contrast Utilitarianism with Christian Ethics

Comp atomic number 18 and Contrast Utilitarianism with Christian Ethics The ethical teachings and values of utilitarianism and Christian ethics are similar in some aspects, yet however are diverse in others. Utilitarianism is a generally teleological ethical system, where the outcome is said to excuse the act. The act is considered legal if it brings about the superlative good for the greatest number. Christian Ethics, however, can be quite different. M either aspects of its ethics are deontological, for example, the Decalogue and Natural Law.thither are other differences and indeed some similarities which will be considered throughout this essay. Christian ethics has many aspects which do not agree with the fundamental principle of Utilitarianism. Firstly, the 10 Commandments in the Old Testament are deontological, as it is law based and the action is considered good or bad intrinsically. Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, states that an action cannot be right or s cathe in itself, and it can only be evaluated when the consequences are taken into account.The Bible implies that n ace of these laws should be broken, yet Bentham thought that any rules can be rejected should the person determine that the means can justify the ends. Bentham held that no one should take actions as right or wrong as a given, but should use empirical evidence to work out their effect and subsequently conclude on its appropriateness. Benthams empirical method of finding out whether the action is worthwhile was to use the Hedonic Calculus, a process of assessment which gauges the acts outcome in several categories, such as its certainty, purity or extent.Natural Law is another example of the diversity between Utilitarian and Christian ethical attitudes. Although it teaches that humans should use grounds to realise morality (which is similar to Benthams attitude), it fundamentally states that there are graven image given laws of the universe which eternally and const antly exist in nature. It is a Christian principle to live ones life in such a way they strive to be like Jesus, and are cause to follow Christian principles and rules in order to do this.This however fundamentally goes against Utilitarianism, which states that humans are merely motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the turning away of pain. This is how an action is considered good or bad in the Hedonic Calculus, if it brings pleasure for the most people or works to avoid pain. Furthermore, Christian ethics implies that one will find happiness by modelling themselves on Jesus and adhering to the teachings of the Bible. However, in Utilitarianism it is stated that one will find the most happiness when individuals are free to pursue their own ends.The process of development the Hedonic Calculus aspect of Utilitarianism can also be likened to the Christian ethical principle of using ones Conscience. For this point, it is important to note that this is not in reference to the spec ific detail in the Hedonic Calculus, but is about the underlying argue for its use. In the New Testament, Paul advocated that the Conscience should be used when one needs moral guidance, which is linked to the will of God. Even though in Utilitarianism the God aspect is not included in terms of justifying an action, the principle of mentally judging a deed is similar.John Stuart Mill developed his own get down to Utilitarianism called Rule Utilitarianism. There are some similarities with Christian ethics which lie in his doctrine. Firstly, Mill says that there should be general rules which people should follow in order to bring about the greatest communal good. This has two similarities with Christian ethics first of all is the principle of law-making and secondly, the concept of the greatest communal good can be traced back to the teachings of Paul in the New Testament, where he says that a good should not be god for the individual, but for everyone.Mills proposed laws would be t hose based on general Utilitarian principles. Mill likened this principle to the Golden Rule of Jesus, which is the teaching that Christians consider to be of the highest importance. The rule states to do unto others as you would have them do to you. Although this is essentially deontological, it is based on the principle of generating the most agape. Mill, like Jesus, held that general laws should be in place to help lead a good life. Situation ethics has also been pointed out as having similar principles o Utilitarianism. Firstly, both theories are examples of relativism, meaning that there are no commanding standard which apply to the rightness and wrongness of actions. Secondly Joseph Fletcher, the founder, argued that the Christian ethic of love can be labelled as justice distributed. Justice is in reference to determining what the most loving thing is to do for everyone. This can be likened to Utilitarianism, which replaces the word justice with goodness, meaning goodness dis tributed (greatest good for greatest number).

Economics Commentary †U.S quota reduction on textiles Essay

mainland mainland chinaw arware is an industrialized boorish and it exports lots of goods to other country. International trade involves the exchange of goods and services across internationalist boundaries. The country depends on its sales abroad to develop its country. The stuff industry is a massive industry in china, depends a lot on its exports to sire its profits. But the United States (U.S) also has a text tile industry and so to protect their industry they use quotas to protect its industry. The quota is worth $6 jillion annual quota and U.S is reducing its quota on the import of Chinese textiles by $9 million because U.S thinks that China is using a third country to puddle its goods to U.S. Chinas government is not pleased with this and it is try to protect its industry.U.S is using protectionism, which is the restriction of international trade. It prevents consumers and producers reaching the equilibrium scathe and quantity that would happen in a free market. One w ay to enforce protectionism is Quotas take the form of a physical limitation on the quantity of a commodity which is allowed to write in code the country in a given year. What U.S is doing to Chinese textiles is that it is dropping its quota by $ p million dollars from the $6 billion annual quota. The world supply go and this gives the Chinese firms to supply more to the U.S market, directly. The decrease in the quota also leads to consumer surplus to rise.Consumer surplus is the difference between the prices that a consumer is prepared to pay the actual price paid. This is because the consumers were willing to pay for the Chinese textiles price with the quota and so now it is cheaper. Therefore the consumer surplus rises from ADE to ABC. Consumer surplus which is gained is areas 1, 2, 3 and 4. Area 1 is the loss of home(prenominal) producers benefit from selling more at a higher price. Area 3 is the windfall gain it is part of the revenue that the foreign traders get, in this b erth China. The total revenue for Chinese textiles sold in the U.S is are area 3, 5, 6 and 7 together, before dropping the quota, area 3 was the only metre that China was allowed to sell. Area 2 and 4 are a net loss to society (deadweight loss).China has comparative advantage over U.S in the textile industry. A country is said to have a comparative advantage in the production of a good if it can produce it at a lower opportunity cost than another country. The labor-intensive industry is one where China has an advantage over other producing nations, therefore China has specialized in the textile industry and they would import other goods into the country.The Chinese officials are not pleased with the quota reducing this is because the textile industry in China is a strategic industry and is trying to protect it. To protect a strategic industry is to protect an industry that employs a large proportion of the population and/or maybe the industry has strong roots in the country and it contributes to the nations identity. These are the two reasons why China does not like what U.S is doing to them, because other country might lose its trust to China and would try to prevent trading with them. Another reason for China not liking the actions taken by U.S is because china hopes anticipated gains in the textile industry will offset huge losses in employment capacity in other economic sectors. China wants all of its industry to grow at the same time and equally, and so this reduced quota will harm their industries, this is why China takes this matter very seriously.China does not like what U.S has done to their textile industry as this might break trade relations, and this may well be loses for both sides. Their relation would get worse, and then China would retaliate as they want to protect its industry and this would lead to more problems. As exports represent an injection into the circular flow of income and are subjected to the multiplier effect. And also unemploym ent would rise in other industry within China, and even some firms in U.S, as they might not be capable to compete with the Chinese industries.

APC 309 Strategic Management Accounting

Module Title Strategic Management Accounting Module Code APC309 Individual appellation SUNDERLAND BUSINESS SCHOOL Date 16/04/2011 Introduction As Gowthope (2005, p. 148) said that A bud specify is a be after, expressed in monetary and/or more(prenominal) general quantitative terminations, which extends forward for a period into the future. cyphers are widely used in organisations of all types and sizes. Budgeting actually refers to the run that, after the strategic plan of the business has been made, companies made a short term plan (usually one course) to meet the strategic purpose. Traditional budgeting has offered a lot of contributions in so whatsoever years? ractice no one has a better summary of all advantage of traditional budget as (Umapathy, 1987, p. xxii) I believe that budgeting provides managers with a wondrous opportunity to rejuvenate their organisations. There is no other managerial process I am aware of that translates qualitative mission statements and co rporate strategies into action plans, link up the short term with the long term, brings together managers from different hierarchical levels and from different functional areas, and at the same judgment of conviction provides continuity by the sheer method of the process. . So, m either an(prenominal) organisations use a traditional budget? the short term plan that meet the strategic purpose of the organisation- because of the easiness of preparation and its simplicity to order budget across various departments. But it analyzems it is more and more unsuitable for the modern business. In this paper, I address give a brief evidence for traditional budgeting and then discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the traditional budgeting last I bequeath explain and evaluate the alternative approach that pass on be more close and work for layly? dynamic markets. In the second part I will tackle the operative enceinte concept by giving some ship locoweedal to improve parts of Working expectant in XYZ limited which is a medium sized manufacturing business. Today, reducing costs, improving quality, and saving time through with(predicate) all parts of an organisation are the mantra of executives in every industry. In their pursuit of those goals, however, they tend to overlook running(a) capital productiveness because it is an indirect measure.They see it as a narrow financial calculation and miss its link to the overall systemic carrying into action of an organisation. As a result, executives forfeit a virile lens to track improvements across the company. Section 1 Budget and Budgeting Budget reflects a choice non an easy choice, but the right choice. And when you think just about it, the solo choice. The choice to take the responsible, prudent path to fiscal stability, economic growth and opportunity. George E. Pataki. An American politician.The use of budgets dates back to 1920 where it was used as a financial tool for business enterprises ( Hofstede, 1968, p. 20). The budget is an indispensable focussing tool or as Horngren, T. et al, (2000, p. 178) said the most widely used accounting tool for homework and controlling organisations. A budget is an estimated plan over a given period of time expressed in monetary terms for the allocation of silver and distribution of scarce resources through internal communication to get the planned activities done.When used properly a come up designed budget can be a helpful tool in ending- qualification, it can ensure the controlling process and performance measurements, facilitate communication, and can act as a motivational tool. (Highered. mcgrawhill, accessed 2011) Budgeting may be defined quite simply as the process of compiling budgets and subsequently adhering to them as closely as possible (Maitland, 2000, p. 1). Though budgeting process is complex, time consuming and requires a lot of decision-making (refer to Appendix, figure. for an outline of the budgetary process), i t is an essential part of the strategic planning process that helps communicating the goals of the governance and facilitates, coordinates and controls various departments of the organization in order to steer the company to its desired goals, it involves the annual bout to plan actions, better coordination and allocation of resources, and at the end measuring and controlling performance with regard to the plans agreed.Traditional Budgeting Approach (TBA) There are various methods to prepare a budget. Here we are concerned with the traditional approach to budgeting known withal as the incremental budgeting which involves basing next year? s budget on the original year? s results plus an extra amount for estimated growth or inflation (APC309 Workbook, 2008).It is claimed that in many organisations the traditional budgeting remains widespread, and that 99% of European and US companies are utilise budgets and have no intention of abandoning them, it was also verbalise that over 6 0% of those companies claim that they are not highly satisfied with their current budgeting systems and are continuously trying to improve the budgeting process to meet the demands primed(p) for management in creating sustainable value (report Better Budgeting, 2004, p. 2-3).From this perspective it is obvious that traditional budgeting approach and budgets in general hold many benefits as well as problems. Implementing TBA on a static market When implemented within businesses, such technique will be more suitable for firms where each year? s performance and activities are similar to the previous one and conditions are predictable, an active market that can take up large sales which do not deviate much in relation with changes in prices and where demand is slack.If we take an example of a company A? operating in a static market, let? s say that our company is selling sugar?. So for such company using the TBA (Traditional Budgeting Approach) will be perfect and will work well becau se first, sugar is a necessary good so the market demand is steady i. e. the buying behavior of sugar does not change much, it is a food basic that people consume on a daily basis, the market demand in this case is predicted and quite unchanged, so A? an constantly base its expenditures and estimated revenues on those of previous year and that makes it suitable for our company here to be using an annual budget based on historic data, thus, will make it easier to compare actual results with budgets and monitor organizational functions. Second, senior managers won? t be forced to spend an amount of time reviewing budgets. Again, think on the benefits of TBA we can say that this approach enhance controlling and is asy to prepare and understand, administratively unambiguous and simple to operate, so this method is cheap. It is probably the simplest method that ensures a quick and low preparation costs, however, I would insist on the point that for any business it? s good to provide and introduce change gradually, therefore, the only major weakness that would limit our company A? is the fact that senior managers will never be able to have a general and overall picture of the performance, and also some people will be offended when it comes to supervision, humans tend o work at their lowest possible standards curiously when there is lack of motivation and rewards, as a matter of fact the budgetary control touch on the culture of blame and mistrust, plus there is a fact that scarce resources will not be allocated effectively and efficiently so that would create an obstacle and prevent employees from performing at their lift out, and their original spirit would then be stamp atomic reactor. Implementing TBA on a dynamic market Fixed budgets don? t work today. A budget is a too static instrument and locks managers into the past into something they thought last year that it was right.To be effective in a global economy with rapidly disturbance market conditions and quick and nimble competitors, organisations have to be able to adapt constantly their priorities and have to put their resources where they can create most value for customers and shareholders. Juergen H. Daum. (A management and executive adviser) As Juergen explained, budgeting tools that were created to serve businesses back in the manufacturing era where occupation costs and revenues were foreseeable will not be effective in today? s information age? where the market is globalised.This traditional annual budgeting system is not suitable or relevant in rapidly changing markets, many companies believe that budgets do not deal with intangible assets like brands and knowledge and fail to focus value (Davies T. and Boczko T. 2005 p. 408). In today? s global market where conditions and demands are unpredictable and hard to be determined in advance, an event like 9/11, the Arab? s revolution, and the earthquake that hit Japan will unquestionably change the way organisations do th eir businesses especially those big companies that are opened to the global market, in this matter, adopting a raditional budgeting approach will cause more damages. Considering a company B? operating in a typical dynamic changing market let? s assume here that B? is a hotel business where each year? s activities and number of tourists accommodated are completely different than the previous year and hard to be predicted, this kind of businesses system is changeable, adjusted constantly and boost employees to give their best with waking up their creativity spirits, our company B? needs a full use of its potentials and should keep innovating in order to survive in its market and that would not be achieved if employees and managers are not motivated.For B? to become the success that all companies are striving to realize today, it has to avoid relying on historical performances or fix their employees performance on fixed budget to deliver the planned outcome, and if adopting any metho d of budgeting it should do so by designing it on a bottom-up? basis. So, in a dynamic market a use of TBA would cause more problems to such companies. TBA is inaccurate for our company B? where each year is very different to the previous one in terms of activities, cost, and market demand.Here, I would suggest the use of the ZBB (Zero found Budgeting) approach since the number of tourists change according to seasons and unexpected events worldwide, it will be beneficial to re evaluate all of the company? s activities from a aught base annually and respond to any condition changes within the environment each year. Thus, inefficient and inaccurate activities will be removed and any uneconomic cost will be cut which means a better allocation of resources, also, this technique promotes the bottom-up of budgeting which will automatically lead to bring up the motivation of employees.Nevertheless, the weakness of this method is that each pound spent must be justified, and if we have a big company which held too many activities, using a ZBB will generates more work that is hard to managed, and because decisions are made at the budget time, it will be difficult to react and deal with changes that business leader occur during the year, so here as a suggestion the company while performing the zero based budget may use a rolling budget every year. Furthermore, it will be challenging especially for private organisations that have indefinable activities and discretionary cost to be put into decision packages.There were some argues about the traditional budgeting approach being as a barrier to change. For that Hope and Fraser (1997) suggested a new alternative process to budgeting which is termed as Beyond budgeting approach. They claimed that this approach will free people from the top-down performance contract and allows a use of knowledge and best allocation of resources to avenge customers and beat competitors. This alternative way of budgeting is about the develop ment of leadership principles and help decision making to be made.The thing about it is that this model does not lead to change in some parts but require a systems transformation. (Refer to appendix, figure 2 for a budgeting and beyond budgeting model). However, even with this model that will break managers free from the annual performance of budgeting, it has a disadvantage that it underpinned their organisation? s performance transformation. To alleviate all those limitations, companies must seek for alternatives approaches that combines and put in make out the benefits of each approach without forgetting to give priority to employees and managers? otivation, the human aspect behavior plays a crucial part in every business because success of any company nowadays rely on its number one asset which is the human labor (knowledge, know-how, expertise, experience.. etc. ). Section 2 Working expectant Nowadays, the market requires companies to diversify its products and services withi n a short time delivery, so, companies are striving to keep on track with global markets? need and controversy from other rivals in order to meet the customers? expectations and satisfy their needs. For that, companies will have to focus its resources and potentials to create the business? value, satisfy the shareholders and balance between its liquidity and profitability, this will be through improving all forms of cash flow and increasing their working capital productivity. In an article from (tutor2u, accessed 2011) working capital is The period of time which elapses between the point at which cash begins to be expended on the production of a product and the collection of cash from a customer (Refer to appendix, figure. 3 for working capital cycle) Working capital is the concern of all firms it is defined as the current assets minus the current liabilities (working capital = current assets current liabilities). season in the APC309 Workbook, (2008) it was said that Working capi tal required because the company has to pay for goods and services before recovering the money from customers, and represented by the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Company XYZ a manufacturing business Considering XYZ Limited, a medium sized manufacturing business. For such manufacturing businesses, XYZ needs to spend cash to purchase raw materials (inventories) and manufacture them. While waiting for the finished goods to be sold it needs to stock them.After selling the goods it can incur some costs. And before receiving the revenue (cash) it waits for the cash tax income from the customers (accounts receivable) and can delay the payments to vendors (accounts payable). So, working capital is an important source of cash throughout the business cycle. (Refer to Appendix, figure. 4 for a diagram of the Working capital cycle in manufacturing firms). Improving XYZs working capital Focusing on working capital will help XYZ? s manager to create endure value, examine the organisation? productivity and efficiency, and XYZ will become stronger. Starting with the following formula (working capital = current assets current liabilities) to analyze the operating cycle of XYZ in order to improve its working capital. Liquidity assessment cut-down the operating cycle. Shorten XYZ? s operating cycle and cash holding costs by maintaining a cash balance, this would be done through a trim of the stock on hand the XYZ company however should pay attention not to be in short of stock which will affect it badly and will be unable to meet its customers? emand-, also, make a consignment of stock obtained, punishing the time needed to manufacture the goods and selling them, and a cut down of cost which will definitely increase their cash. Stock when necessary reduce inventories. livestock surplus is one of the ways to neglect any cash sources, so in order to boost cash flow XYZ would better reduce production time and its inventories and lowering them t o avoid over production. By a reduction in inventories meaning made a consignment of stock, managing the supply chain and alter the goods manufactures.Also, to increase profitability, XYZ can benefit from cutting costs through this reduction in both inventories and warehouse space needed. Accounts receivable funding get paying(a) now. Until the customer pays XYZ, the sale is not considered as achieved. The working capital cycle must be completed or the company will regret making the sale if the customer went away without paying. So, XYZ should take into consideration terms of payments, invoices and well manage the cash.Some ways to improve the cash will be rush up cash collection, ameliorate the reduction of payment terms and collection processes, besides, a strong credit control and a rigorous collection procedures will help to positively improve profitability. While collecting past due cash, XYZ should secure favorable payment terms, obtain payments, approve new customers and m aintain a good relationship with clients that pay on time while keep an eye and be careful from both doubtful and risky clients. Accounts payable negotiating the best agreements possible. While dealing with suppliers, XYZ should rethink payment terms and avoid early payments.Paying its suppliers before the due date is strongly unacceptable and better be avoided, and accomplished within or after the due date. Raising terms and procedures of payments, and optimizing discount is highly recommended. Seeking an increase in cash flow operation and the company? s profitability will be achieved by asking for longer credit terms from suppliers, and if possible take inventories on consignment. Other ways to improve working capital can be to consider leasing when thinking of purchasing equipments this will improve the amount of cash in short term only but can lead to additional costs in long term.Also, consider outsourcing and benefit from price differences. And always negotiate and try to get discounts, besides there is the possibility of converting debtors? cash into factoring or utilizing a bank loan or overdraft. For a XYZ Limited to have working capital the current assets must exceed the current liabilities, it is managing the use of both current assets and current liabilities to improve the company? s short-term liquidity. There is a direct connection between working capital cycle and business performance.Hence, the most important thing that? s needed to improve and have an efficient working capital cycle is not actually focusing on components of balance sheet that are line, accounts receivable, and accounts payable but is the business cycle TIME that is metrical from the time we identify the customer? s need, till we receive the payment of the finished product. Then, by reducing any necessary cash or inventory we will succeed to reduce our working capital cycle. Almost any business performance improvement effort influences the working capital (W.C) cycle produc tivity of the business here talking about XYZ and will also affect other businesses that deals either directly or indirectly with it. For example if XYZ did not succeed in collecting cash from its clients it cannot be able to pay its suppliers and debtors and that will be bad since the relationship between them and XYZ will be sensitive so, that would sort a miss trust and XYZ will find difficulties to be supplied or get credits this later will cause trouble because it will not have any raw materials and the business will then stop operating. Taking XYZ limited as a manufacturing business, any of the ways to improve its W.C that was mentioned above will help cut down costs and boost overall working capital productivity by shrinking inventories and driving down accounts receivable. Also, the results behind paying suppliers before the due date would lead to reduction in working capital productivity. XYZ and should closely track its competitors? improvements to ensure that it is perfo rming better. Furthermore, it can be useful to benchmark itself with regard to other industries for perceptions and opportunities to improve working capital productivity and cash flow. Benchmarking the performance of XYZ? system as a unscathed more accurately with regard to benchmark with other companies in the same sector would be of benefits. References -APC309 Module Workbook, 2008. Strategic Management Accounting Version 1. 0?. University of Sunderland. -Davies T. and Boczko T. , 2005. Business Accounting And Finance. Second Edition.? Mc Graw Hill Education, p. 408. -Drury C. , (2001) Management Accounting for Business Decisions. Second Edition.? Thomson Learning. -Gowthope C. , (2005) Management Accounting for non specialists, 2nd Edition?. Thomson Learning, p. 148. -Hofstede G. H. , (1968) The Game of Budget Control?.Koninklijke Van Gorcum & Comp. N. V. , Assen, p. 20. -Hope J. and Fraser R. , (1997) Beyond budgeting breaking through the barrier to The third wave. Management Accounting, London. -Horngren Charles T. , Foster G. , Datar M. (2000) Cost Accounting A Managerial Emphasis, 10th variation?. Upper Saddle River (NJ). Prentice Hall, p. 178. -Lucey T. (1996) Management Accounting, 4th Edition?. London Letts, p. 108. -Maitland I. (2000) Budgeting for Non-Financial Managers how to Master and Maintain Effective Budgets?. London. Pearson Education, p. 1. -Satish B. M. (2002) Working Capital Management and Control Principles & invest?.New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers. Web sites ? Behavioral Aspect of Budgeting http//highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/dl/free/0074711717/57451/Budgeting_Ch09. pdf Accessed the 25th February 2011 ? Better Budgeting A report on the Better Budgeting assemblage from CIMA and ICAEW. (2004), Chartered Institute Of Management Accountants. P. 2-3 http//www. cimaglobal. com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/betterbudgeting_techrpt_2004. pdf Accessed the 28th February 2011 ? The Beyond Budgeting Round Table (BBRT) www. bbrt. org Accessed the 5th March 2011 ? Beyond budgeting http//www. juergendaum. com/bb. tm Accessed 5th March 2011 ? Working capital cycle http//tutor2u. net/business/finance/workingcapital_cycle. htm Accessed 20th March 2011 http//blog. maia-intelligence. com/2009/06/15/working-capital-management-and-bi-part-ii/ Accessed 20th March 2011 Appendix Source Lucey, 1996, p. 108. Figure. 1 Outline of the budgetary process. Figure. 2 From traditional budgeting model to the emerging management model beyond budgeting? Source http//blog. maia-intelligence. com Figure. 3 Working capital cycle. Source tutor2u. net accessed 20th March 2011 Figure. 4 working capital cycle for a manufacturing firm

Genetic Engineering Is Beneficial to Mankind

GENETIC ENGINEERING IS BENEFICIAL TO MANKIND We, Homo sapiens (and every other organism on the planet), become what we be on the basis of the genes we inherit from our parents at the time of our birth. Whether you are tall, short, dark, dusky or fair, demand great hair, good health everything depends on these genes. Earlier these genes were believed to be tamper proof and they could not be manipulated. But the human brain and contemporary science does not deem anything as impossible. Thus, we came up with a concept called genetic engineering.Genetic engineering refers to the process of directly tackling an organisms genes. Molecular cloning and transformation is used in genetic engineering for changing the structure and spirit of genes. This technology has brought about a sea change in farming and in human genetics. GE in Human itself The first and one of the virtually prominent genetic engineering pros is that genetic disorders apprise be prevented by identifying those genes w hich cause these diseases in people. The use of genetic engineering to prevent diseases is called gene therapy.This eject be extremely advantageous especially when women screen their unborn babies for genetic defects. If there is a chance that the baby can have genetic defects, it can prepare the mother and the doctors before and after the baby delivered. In advanced cases, those problem genes can be corrected. In plus to that, infectious diseases can be controlled and effectively dealt with by im plant lifeing genes which code for the antiviral proteins particular to each antigen. Humans can be developed or formed to reflect desirable characteristics.It is macrocosm said, theoretically though that this process can drastically change human genomes. This would facilitate in attending people regrow their limbs and other organs. In addition to this, people can be made stronger, faster and smarter, by using genetic engineering in the future. In other cases, if a gene exists in natur e which can be good for human beings, it can be ingested in human cells. Soon a possibility of human cloning with the help of human genetics cannot be ruled out. GE in animalsPlants and animals can be genetically engineered to make products useable for us. The great example of this is diary animals. Sheep, goats and oxen produce a lot of milk. Biologists found that the expression of genes for the major milk proteins is under the control of a promoter. This promoter is a sequence of DNA that causes the conterminous genes to be expressed in the mammary gland. It is called the lactoglobulin promoter. This sets up a really nice opportunity for using genetic engineering.You could take the gene you want expressed in milk and put it into a DNA vector. Then you put this vector into a sheep egg cell. If you do this, the egg can then be developed in the laboratory for a couple of days until it becomes an embryo. You can insert the embryo into a mother and the offspring that are born are sh eep that would make milk which contains this extra protein. This was actually behind the reason for cloning Dolly the sheep. GE in Plants Plants can be genetically engineered to make useful products.Genetically engineering a plant is a lot easier than animals. We dont need to inject into the fertilized egg of a plant. We can take any plant cell grown in a laboratory, put the vector in, and then grow the plant up from that cell. In agriculture, too start off with unlike crops, genetic engineering can culminate in alteration of the DNA structure of the original crop. This will increase the growth rate of the plant on with its immunity, and resistance towards diseases caused by pathogens and parasites.These factors in turn will be amongst the most important benefits of genetic engineering when it comes to crops. These genetically modified foods could increase the food resources to take on everyones hunger. This would be done by genetically modified crops for better productivity. Thes e crops could be genetically modified to resist pests, fight bacterial and fungal infections or have great nutritional value. These are just a few benefits of genetic engineering. Im sure more are coming in the future, as we discover more and more about genes and proteins.

AP European History

However, the Soviet union established a scalded unionism regime that did non attach to the Ideologies In which communism was oral signally created, which was to treat the masses. This form of communism failed in countries such as P land, Czechoslovakia. And Hungary. The original intent of communism was meant to hold back a classless society. However, the e soviet communistic parties did not actually achieve that. As Molotov Dismissal wrote In The New Class, The exclusive, if unwritten, law that lone(prenominal) party members wad become policeman, officers, diplomats, and only they gouge exercise actual authority, creates a special privileged group of bureaucrat TTS. The unofficial class of bureaucrats defied the received meaning of communism. Communists rulers cream Ted an illusion that was named communism, but In its basis, was not communism whatsoever. Soviet communists use their privileges to create a class that pushed the everyday cit Zen tho overmatch and limited the progress an individual can shit. The everyday citizen was force deed to live a life where they wake up, work, go home, eat, and sleep. The citizens were stripped down t o their basic necessities that were sometimes til now rejected.Croatian columnist, Slovenia Dreadful , wrote how, Every mother in Bulgaria can point to where communism failed, from the failure of t he planned economy. To the lack of apartments, child care facilities, clothes, fluid diapers, or toilet paper. The communist did not provide all the necessities for slew to live comfortably. Still, kept suppressing the debase class, spell the bureaucrats lived comfortably. fabianism m was never meant to lay down a society in which an individual is held back from their necessities. Yet , The soviet communists repressed many necessities and polished rights which included freedom of s beech and world expression.Vocal Have, president of Czechoslovakia, spoke in his New Years Day Address of 199 how, Our country is no t flourishing. The great original and spiritual potential of our nation is not beingness applied meaningfully. Have perfectly understood that communism withheld a lot of their creativity by not al small-scaleing people to freely express themselves. He even mentioned how, The state, which calls itself a state of workers, is humiliating and exploiting them instead. Communist worked pee pole extremely hard for a low wage producing things for there is no demand while we are in short o f things we need. Soviet communists took advantage of the power they had over the citizens and used t hat power to enlarge the cracking between leaders of the communist party and the people being ruled According to a Croatian columnist, Slovenia Dramatic, the banality of everyday life is where it communism really failed, quite a than on the level of ideology. The communist party did not provide enough services for the people which caused the people be opposed to communism. Without the support of the people, communism was backfire to fail. People are what makes the sees once of government. Without people, there would be no government.The Soviet government did not make life or the everyday citizen to feel as though they were being heard or included into all the e decisions that were being made by the government every day. Without a classless society, fair rulers, or support from the ruled, communism in t he Soviet Union set itself up for failure. The citizens of the eastern European socialist states ha d no right to go through life under communist rule by the Soviets. Communism did not improve the e economy, or jumble the states. Communism actually did the opposite it impoverished the countries and s operated the states.AP European HistoryHowever, the Soviet union established a scalded unionism regime that did not adhere to the Ideologies In which communism was oral signally created, which was to serve the masses. This form of communism failed in countries such as P land, Czec hoslovakia. And Hungary. The original intent of communism was meant to have a classless society. However, the e soviet communist parties did not actually achieve that. As Molotov Dismissal wrote In The New Class, The exclusive, if unwritten, law that only party members can become policeman, officers, diplomats, and only they can exercise actual authority, creates a special privileged group of bureaucrat TTS. The unofficial class of bureaucrats defied the true meaning of communism. Communists rulers cream Ted an illusion that was named communism, but In its basis, was not communism whatsoever. Soviet communists used their privileges to create a class that pushed the everyday cit Zen further down and limited the progress an individual can make. The everyday citizen was force deed to live a life where they wake up, work, go home, eat, and sleep. The citizens were stripped down t o their basic necessities that were sometimes even rejected.Croatian columnist, Slovenia Dreadful , wrote ho w, Every mother in Bulgaria can point to where communism failed, from the failure of t he planned economy. To the lack of apartments, child care facilities, clothes, disposable diapers, or toilet paper. The communist did not provide all the necessities for people to live comfortably. Still, kept suppressing the lower class, while the bureaucrats lived comfortably. Communism m was never meant to have a society in which an individual is held back from their necessities. Yet , The soviet communists repressed many necessities and civil rights which included freedom of s beech and public expression.Vocal Have, president of Czechoslovakia, spoke in his New Years Day Address of 199 how, Our country is not flourishing. The great creative and spiritual potential of our nation is not being applied meaningfully. Have perfectly understood that communism withheld a lot of their creativity by not allowing people to freely express themselves. He even mentioned how, The state, which calls itself a state of workers, is humiliating and exploiting them instead. Communist worked pee pole extremely hard for a low wage producing things for there is no demand while we are in short o f things we need. Soviet communists took advantage of the power they had over the citizens and used t hat power to enlarge the gap between leaders of the communist party and the people being ruled According to a Croatian columnist, Slovenia Dramatic, the banality of everyday life is where it communism really failed, rather than on the level of ideology. The communist party did not provide enough services for the people which caused the people be opposed to communism. Without the support of the people, communism was bound to fail. People are what makes the sees once of government. Without people, there would be no government.The Soviet government did not make life or the everyday citizen to feel as though they were being heard or included into all the e decisions that were being made by the government every day. Without a classless society, honest rulers, or support from the ruled, communism in t he Soviet Union set itself up for failure. The citizens of the eastern European socialist states ha d no right to go through life under communist rule by the Soviets. Communism did not improve the e economy, or unify the states. Communism actually did the opposite it impoverished the countries and s operated the states.

Investigation for Magnesium Oxide

Hypothesis The idea I aim to test in this experiment is the blood between the clutch of magnesium and mass of group O at one time the magnesium has been heated and matched with the oxygen. There volition be 3 proteans in this experiment. The independent variable testament be the mass of magnesium ribbon as different measurements will be taken and used for severally trial.The dependant variable will be the mass of atomic number 12 Oxide, this is a measured variable as the mass of oxygen support be calculated and will enable us to determine the formula for Magnesium Oxide. The controlled variable is that the Magnesium used is possibly from the analogous ribbon and after being cut into lengths was stored in the same way in plastic containers. Preliminary I originally did a preliminary test with Iron wool where we used a similar method but Testthe iron wool was held over the flaming by tongs and not contained within a melting pot.We learnt from this experiment the importa nce of the crucible to contain all of the metal for an accurate test because the iron wool broke off as it heated and we were left with a lot of the iron wool on the bench mats around the Bunsen burner so our reckoning of the mass of iron oxide was not accurate as we had not contained all the wool and couldnt accurately collect the pieces around that had come away, in that locationfore no giving a true mass of Iron Oxide. Prediction I predict that when the magnesium and the Oxygen combine and react together the magnesium will oxidise and become heavier.I hold back to see a straight seam pattern from these replys as I believe the to a greater extent Magnesium there is the more Oxygen it will take on to form the Magnesium Oxide and so believe the results should gradually get heavier and heavier as the Magnesium gets heavier and heavier. The equation for this investigating would be Mg + O2 ?MgO which would balance as 2Mg + O2 ? 2MgO. This is done as the Oxygen has ii molecules which would need two Magnesium molecules to balance it come forward. The physical changes I expect to take place are heat and light as I expect the Magnesium to change colour as it is heated up and reacts with the Oxygen.The chemical substance changes I expect to take place are that a new substance will be made and a new formula will be create. A new substance will be made in the form of smoke and the new formula will be MgO. setup *Goggles*Crucible and Lid *Bench Mat*Tongs *Tripod*Varied lengths of Magnesium ribbon *Bunsen burner*Scales *Pipe-clay triangle*200g weight Method all the apparatus was set up to ensure that the experiment was carried out safely. Goggles were worn and the bench mat was ensnare in place in berth any sparks or parts of the experiment went wrong to protect our eyes and the work surface.The tripod and organ pipe clay triangle were used to keep the crucible safely above the heat. The Bunsen burner was used to heat the magnesium and was set to a fierce blue flame. The crucible held the Magnesium above the Bunsen burner, and the lid contained as much smoke as possible to help the reaction to take place. The crucible lid and tongs were used to occasionally allow in the oxygen and then replace the lid safely. The apparatus was set up as above and as per the diagram to being the experiment. I first checked the scales utilise a 200g weight to check their accuracy.When I weighed the 200g weight on the scales prior to the experiment the scales weighed in at 1. 038kg however, as this was a large weight by comparison to my crucible I didnt account for this slight measurement in my results as I decided it would make the calculations too low as my crucible was only a fraction of the weight of 200g and so for the purposes of this experiment wouldnt alter my results enough to justify it. I then measured the crucible without the lid to recall out its mass (22. 27g), once recorded I then measured the Magnesium ribbon (0. 9g) I then measured the two together to check the accuracy and got a mass of 22. 56g which meant my previous measurements were reliable. The next step was to put the crucible with the magnesium inside and the lid on onto the pipe clay triangle above the fierce blue flame of the Bunsen burner. The lid remained on only except for occasionally lifting it and quickly replacing it to let more oxygen into the magnesium but to try and keep as much smoke in as possible. Once the Magnesium Oxide stopped skunk when the lid was lifted the experiment was complete and I turned off the flame and left the crucible to cool.Once cooled I weighed the crucible with the newly formed Magnesium oxide (22. 72g) and then was able to subtract my previous figure of 22. 56g from this to give a difference of 0. 16g. This 0. 16g was my mass of Oxygen. Results It can be seen from the results that there is a indicate relationship between the mass of Magnesium to start with and the mass of Oxygen in the Magnesium Oxide. Using my r esults I worked out the ratio between Magnesium and Oxygen, from these results it suggests that the ratio is 1. 2 moles of Magnesium to 1 mole of Oxygen. However you cannot nurse 1. of an atom and so these results can be rounded up to a ratio of 11 which would reflect the equation I had predicted of MgO. Conclusion The mass of Magnesium got heavier in my experiment by 0. 16g because the Magnesium joined with the Oxygen. Other students result ranged from 0. 09 0. 46 and apart from one ludicrous result the heavier the Magnesium was the higher the mass of Oxygen was. Each measure of Magnesium was only tried once and each measurement was done by an individual and so this whitethorn account for the haphazard errors in our findings as shown on the graph, but overall our results were middling evenly spread.From the results I was able to plot a straight line graph by using a line of vanquish fit which ran pair to the theoretical line of best fit. My predictions for this experiment were right as the results show that the more Magnesium ribbon that was used the more oxygen was needed to react with it and so the gradient was steady at about a 450 angle gradually increasing in mass as the Magnesium mass increased. I would say there was one anomalous result as it was significantly below the line of best fit but this can be put down to a number of things such as different scales being used, different people doing each result or simple human error.Our line of best fit was slightly below the theoretical line of best fit for this experiment and I mainly believe this could be due to a systematic error such as the scales we used not being precisely accurate. This whitethorn however account for the systematic error of the line of best fit being lower than the theoretical line as that slight change along with random errors may have lowered the results but the results were sleek over valid as the line of best fit was parallel to the theoretical line meaning we had a const ant of the scales being slightly light. As can be seen from the results of our Spearmans rho and Chi Tests our results were within % of the theoretical results and so this suggests we did an accurate and valid test. We did the Spearmans rho test as this is a measure of the linear relationship between the two variables and shows us that there is a connection between our results and the theoretical ones. The Spearmans Rho test shows the accuracy of our results and our calculation came in at 98. 7% so it proves our results were very accurate. We did the Chi squared test as this determined whether there was a significant different between the theoretical frequencies and the observed/ interoperable frequencies comparing the validity of the results.At least 95% result in the Chi-squared test would prove to be valid and our result was 99. 99% so it shows our results were decidedly valid according to the chi-squared test. We did the Spearmans and Chi-squared tests via the Excel calculation s as shown on the table of results. Evaluation Overall our results were very accurate but there were any(prenominal) random and systematic errors which could be reduced or resolved if we did further experiments. We could have done re-tests for all the Magnesium masses and taken a mean add up of those results to get a more accurate reading this would possibly have reduced any systematic errors.I made the test fair by taking the measurements of the crucible and lid and keeping them the same so that I can compare the results between the Magnesium and Oxygen. Also if the same person had carried out each experiment instead of each student doing a different measurement it may have been more accurate as the method may have changed slightly between each student, for example, one person may have lifted the lid a lot more frequently of for durable percentage points than another.The difference in the scales will also account for the systematic error as shown on the graph. Also the amount of smoke which was let out during each experiment will have varied between each student as the results were being gathered individually and the amount of smoke which escaped may account for some random errors within our results which is why our results are not all as in line as the theoretical results.And e had to find a line of best fit rather than a clear line which went through each individual result as the theory would suggest. If I were to do this experiment again I would repeat the tests with each mass of Magnesium and take a mean average so as to get hold of a more accurate result I would also ensure that each mass of magnesium was the same as in our experiment some students coiled the Magnesium up in the crucible and others ripped it into little strips.By placing the Magnesium in the crucible in different ways it may put on how much oxygen can get to the ribbon, if it is coiled up for example it may need to be noseded and moved to allow all the Magnesium to have exposure to the Oxygen whereas the smaller strips may be more exposed without as much intervention. On both accounts though if you do need to prod the magnesium in that time you may be letting a lot of smoke out as the lid would obviously need to be off the crucible and so this would also need to be taken into consideration.This is why if the magnesium was placed in the crucible in exactly the same way it would make the results more accurate. To take it one step further you could time the lifting of the lid to make it more accurate, for example, lifting it every 30 seconds for a period of say 2 seconds would mean that each mass of Magnesium would be getting the same time exposed to the oxygen and so a more accurate reading of the amount of Oxygen it gains would be achieved if this was carried out with a stop watch.Also if I were to improve the investigation for next time I would increase the number of Magnesium Masses used to gain a more accurate result and having more results would also mak e any anomalous results stand out and also expose more random and systematic errors which could be dealt with.

The Lost Symbol Chapter 93-97

CHAPTER 93Franklin jog is located in the northwest quadrant of flocktown Washington, bordered by K and Thirteenth streets. It is home to m any(prenominal) historical structures, most notably the Franklin School, from which Alexander Graham Bell sent the worlds first of all wireless message in 1880.High above the squ be, a fast-moving UH-60 helicopter approached from the west, having absolute its journey from the National Cathedral in a matter of minutes. crapper of time, Sato thought, peering down at the straightforwardly below. She knew it was critical that her men got into position undetected ahead their target arrived. He said he wouldnt be here for at least twenty minutes.On Satos command, the pilot performed a touch-h over on the crown of the tallest building roundthe re instantlyned One Franklin unanimousa towering and prestigious office building with two gold spires on top. The maneuver was illegal, of course, just the cleaver was there only a few seconds, and its skids barely touched the gravel rooftop. Once everyone had jumped taboo, the pilot instantly lifted off, banking to the east, where he would climb to silent aggrandisement and provide invisible support from above.Sato waited as her field team collected their things and prepared Bellamy for his task. The Architect was even-tempered looking dazed from having seen the file on Satos ensure laptop. As I said . . . an issue of national security. Bellamy had quickly understood Satos meaning and was now fully cooperative.All set, maam, Agent Simkins said.On Satos command, the agents ushered Bellamy crosswise the rooftop and disappeared down a stairwell, heading for ground level to take up their positions.Sato walked to the edge of the building and gazed down. The rectangular wooded park below filled the entire block. Plenty of cover. Satos team fully understood the importance of making an undetected intercept. If their target sensed a presence here and decided just to slip forward . . . the coach didnt even want to think about it.The wind up here was gusty and cold. Sato wrapped her arms around herself, and planted her feet firmly to pass on down getting blown over the edge. From this high vantage point, Franklin real looked smaller than she recalled, with fewer buildings. She wondered which building was Eight Franklin Square. This was information she had requested from her analyst Nola, from whom she expected sacred scripture at any moment.Bellamy and the agents now appeared, looking bid ants fanning out into the darkness of the wooded area. Simkins positioned Bellamy in a clearing near the center of the deserted park. whence Simkins and his team melted into the natural cover, disappearing from view. Within seconds, Bellamy was alone, pacing and shivering in the light of a streetlamp near the center of the park.Sato felt no pity.She light a cigarette and took a long drag, savoring the warmth as it permeated her lungs. Satisfied that everything belo w was in order, she stepped back from the edge to await her two bid callsone from her analyst Nola and one from Agent Hartmann, whom she had sent to Kalorama Heights.CHAPTER 94Slow down Langdon gripped the backseat of the Escalade as it flew around a corner, threatening to tip up on two tires. CIA agent Hartmann was either eager to show off his driving skills to Katherine, or he had orders to get to beam of light Solomon before Solomon recuperated enough to interpret anything he shouldnt say to the local authorities.The high-speed game of beat-the-red-light on Embassy Row had been worrisome enough, but now they were racing through the winding re locationntial propinquity of Kalorama Heights. Katherine shouted directions as they went, having been to this mans house ear pillowr that afternoon.With every turn, the leather bag at Langdons feet rocked back and forth, and Langdon could hear the clank of the capstone, which had clearly been jarred from the top of the gain and was now bouncing around in the bottom of his bag. Fearing it might get damaged, he fished around inside until he found it. It was still warm, but the glowing school text had now faded and disappeared, returning(a) to its original engravingThe secret hides within The Order.As Langdon was about to place the capstone in a side pocket, he noticed its elegant surface was covered with tiny white gobs of something. Puzzled, he tried to wipe them off, but they were stuck on and hard to the touch . . . alike plastic. What in the world? He could now see that the surface of the stone pyramid itself was also covered with the little white dots. Langdon used his fingernail and picked one off, curl it between his fingers.Wax? he blurted.Katherine glanced over her shoulder. What?There are bits of wax all over the pyramid and capstone. I dont understand it. Where could that possibly have number from?Something in your bag, maybe?I dont think so.As they rounded a corner, Katherine pointed through the win dshield and sullen to Agent Hartmann. Thats it Were here.Langdon glanced up and adage the spinning lights of a security vehicle parked in a driveway up ahead. The driveway gate was pulled aside and the agent gunned the SUV inside the compound. The house was a spectacular mansion. Every light inside was ablaze, and the front door was wide open. A half-dozen vehicles were parked haphazardly in the driveway and on the lawn, apparently having arrived in a hurry. Some of the cars were still running and had their headlights shining, most on the house, but one askew, practically glary them as they drove in.Agent Hartmann skidded to a stop on the lawn beside a white sedan with a brightly colored decal PREFERRED SECURITY. The spinning lights and the high beams in their face made it hard to see.Katherine immediately jumped out and raced for the house. Langdon heaved his bag onto his shoulder without taking the time to zip it up. He followed Katherine at a jog across the lawn toward the ope n front door. The sounds of instances echoed within. back tooth Langdon, the SUV chirped as Agent Hartmann locked the vehicle and hurried after them.Katherine bounded up the porch stairs, through the main door, and disappeared into the entryway. Langdon crossed the threshold behind her and could see Katherine was already moving across the foyer and down the main hallway toward the sound of voices. Beyond her, visible at the end of the hall, was a dine-room table where a woman in a security uniform was sitting with her back to them.Officer Katherine shouted as she ran. Where is Peter Solomon?Langdon rushed after her, but as he did so, an unannounced movement caught his eye. To his left, through the accompaniment-room window, he could see the driveway gate was now swinging shut. Odd. Something else caught his eye . . . something that had been hidden from him by the glare of the spinning lights and the blinding high beams when they drove in. The half-dozen cars parked haphazardly i n the driveway looked nothing like the police cars and emergency vehicles Langdon had imagined they were.A Mercedes? . . . a Hummer? . . . a Tesla two-seater?In that instant, Langdon also realized the voices he heard in the house were nothing but a television blaring in the direction of the dining room.Wheeling in slow motion, Langdon shouted down the hallway. Katherine, waitBut as he turned, he could see that Katherine Solomon was no longer running.She was airborne.CHAPTER 95Katherine Solomon knew she was move . . . but she couldnt figure out why.She had been running down the hall toward the security guard in the dining room when suddenly her feet had become entangled in an invisible obstacle, and her entire body had lurched forward, sailing through the air.Now she was returning to earth . . . in this case, a hardwood alkali.Katherine crashed down on her stomach, the wind driven violently from her lungs. Above her, a heavy coat tree teetered precariously and then toppled over, b arely missing her on the floor. She raised her head, still gasping for tinge, puzzled to see that the womanly security guard in the chair had not travel a muscle. Stranger still, the toppled coat tree appeared to have a thin wire attached to the bottom, which had been stretched across the hallway.Why in the world would someone . . . ?Katherine Langdon was shouting to her, and as Katherine rolled onto her side and looked back at him, she felt her blood turn to ice. Robert Behind you She tried to scream, but she was still gasping for inkling. All she could do was watch in terrifying slow motion as Langdon rushed down the hall to athletic supporter her, breeze throughly unaware that behind him, Agent Hartmann was staggering across the threshold and clutching his throat. Blood sprayed through Hartmanns hands as he groped at the handle of a long screwdriver that protruded from his neck.As the agent pitched forward, his attacker came into full view.My idol . . . noNaked except for a strange undergarment that looked like a loincloth, the massive man had apparently been hiding in the foyer. His muscular body was covered from head to toe with strange tattoos. The front door was swinging closed, and he was rushing down the hall after Langdon.Agent Hartmann hit the floor just as the front door slammed shut. Langdon looked startled and whirled around, but the tattooed man was already on him, thrusting some kind of device into his back. There was a flash of light and a sharp electrical sizzle, and Katherine saw Langdon go rigid. eye frozen wide, Langdon lurched forward, collapsing down in a paralyzed busbar. He fell hard on top of his leather bag, the pyramid tumbling out onto the floor.Without so much as a glance down at his victim, the tattooed man stepped over Langdon and headed directly for Katherine. She was already crawling backward into the dining room, where she collided with a chair. The distaff security guard, who had been propped in that chair, now wobb led and dropped to the floor in a heap beside her. The womans lifeless expression was one of terror. Her mouth was stuffed with a rag. The enormous man had reached her before Katherine had time to react. He seized her by the shoulders with impossible strength. His face, no longer covered by makeup, was an utterly terrifying sight. His muscles flexed, and she felt herself being flipped over onto her stomach like a rag doll. A heavy knee ground into her back, and for a moment, she thought she would break in two. He grabbed her arms and pulled them backward.With her head now turned to one side and her cheek pressed into the carpet, Katherine could see Langdon, his body still jerking, facing away from her. Beyond that, Agent Hartmann position motionless in the foyer. dust-covered metal pinched Katherines wrists, and she realized she was being bound with wire. In terror, she tried to pull away, but doing so sent searing pain into her hands.This wire will pull down you if you move, the man said, finishing with her wrists and moving down to her ankles with frightening efficiency.Katherine kicked at him, and he threw a powerful fist into the back of her right thigh, cripple her leg. Within seconds, her ankles were bound.Robert she now managed to call out.Langdon was groaning on the floor in the hallway. He bewilder crumpled on his leather bag with the stone pyramid manufacturing on its side near his head. Katherine realized the pyramid was her last hope.We deciphered the pyramid she told her attacker. Ill tell you everythingYes, you will. With that, he pulled the cloth from the dead womans mouth and firmly stuffed it into Katherines.It tasted like death.Robert Langdons body was not his own. He lay, numb and immobile, his cheek pressed against the hardwood floor. He had heard enough about stun guns to know they crippled their victims by temporarily overloading the nervous system. Their implementsomething called electromuscular disruptionmight as well have been a b olt of lightning. The excruciating jolt of pain seemed to penetrate every molecule of his body. Now, despite his minds focus intention, his muscles refused to obey the command he was sending them.Get upFacedown, paralyzed on the floor, Langdon was gulping shallow breaths, scarcely able to inhale. He had yet to lay eyes on the man who had attacked him, but he could see Agent Hartmann lying in an expanding pool of blood. Langdon had heard Katherine struggling and arguing, but moments ago her voice had become muffled, as if the man had stuffed something in her mouth.Get up, Robert Youve got to help her Langdons legs were tingling now, a fiery and painful recovery of feeling, but still they refused to cooperate. Move His arms twitched as sensation started to come back, along with feeling in his face and neck. With great effort, he managed to rotate his head, dragging his cheek roughly across the hardwood floor as he turned his head to look down into the dining room.Langdons sight line was impededby the stone pyramid, which had toppled out of his bag and was lying sideways on the floor, its base inches from his face.For an instant, Langdon didnt understand what he was looking at. The square of stone before him was obviously the base of the pyramid, and yet it looked somehow different. Very different. It was still square, and still stone . . . but it was no longer flat and smooth. The base of the pyramid was covered with engraved markings. How is this possible? He stared for several seconds, wondering if he was hallucinating. I looked at the base of this pyramid a dozen times . . . and there were no markingsLangdon now realized why.His breathing reflex kick-started, and he draw a sudden gasp of air, realizing that the Masonic Pyramid had secrets yet to share. I have witnessed another transformation.In a flash, Langdon understood the meaning of Galloways last request. testify Peter this The Masonic Pyramid has always kept her secret . . . sincerely. The words had seemed strange at the time, but now Langdon understood that Dean Galloway was sending Peter a code. Ironically, this same code had been a plot twist in a mediocre thriller Langdon had read years ago. Sin-cere.Since the days of Michelangelo, sculptors had been hiding the flaws in their cogitation by smearing hot wax into the cracks and then dabbing the wax with stone dust. The method was considered cheating, and therefore, any sculpture without waxliterally sine cerawas considered a sincere maculation of art. The phrase stuck. To this day we still sign our letters sincerely as a promise that we have written without wax and that our words are true.The engravings on the base of this pyramid had been concealed by the same method. When Katherine followed the capstones directions and boiled the pyramid, the wax melted away, revealing the writing on the base. Galloway had run his hands over the pyramid in the sitting room, apparently feeling the markings exposed on the bottom.Now, if onl y for an instant, Langdon had forgotten all the danger he and Katherine faced. He stared at the incredible set forth of symbols on the base of the pyramid. He had no idea what they meant . . . or what they would ultimately reveal, but one thing was for certain. The Masonic Pyramid has secrets left to tell. Eight Franklin Square is not the final answer.Whether it was this adrenaline-filled revelation or simply the extra few seconds lying there, Langdon did not know, but he suddenly felt control returning to his body. Painfully, he swept an arm to one side, pushing the leather bag out of the way to clear his sight line into the dining room.To his horror, he saw that Katherine had been tied up, and a large rag had been stuffed deep into her mouth. Langdon flexed his muscles, hard to climb to his knees, but a moment later, he froze in utter disbelief. The dining-room access had just filled with a chilling sighta human form unlike anything Langdon had ever seen.What in the name of God . . . ?Langdon rolled, kicking with his legs, seek to back away, but the large tattooed man grabbed him, flipping him onto his back and straddling his chest. He placed his knees on Langdons biceps, pinning Langdon pain fully to the floor. The mans chest bore a rippling double-headed phoenix. His neck, face, and shaved head were covered with a dazzling array of unusually intricate symbolssigils, Langdon knewwhich were used in the rituals of dark ceremonial magic.Before Langdon could process anything more, the huge man clasped Langdons ears between his palms, lifted his head up off the floor, and, with incredible force, smashed it back down onto the hardwood.Everything went black.CHAPTER 96Malakh stood in his hallway and surveyed the carnage around him. His home looked like a battlefield.Robert Langdon lay unconscious at his feet.Katherine Solomon was bound and gagged on the dining-room floor.The corpse of a female security guard lay crumpled nearby, having toppled off the chair w here she was propped. This female guard, eager to save her own life, had done exactly as Malakh commanded. With a knife to her throat, she had answered Malakhs cell phone and told the lie that had coaxed Langdon and Katherine to come racing out here. She had no partner, and Peter Solomon was certainly not okay. As soon as the woman had given her performance, Malakh had quietly strangled her. To complete the illusion that Malakh was not home, he had phoned Bellamy using the hands- free speaker in one of his cars. Im on the road, he had told Bellamy and whoever else had been listening. Peter is in my trunk. In fact, Malakh was driving only between his garage and his front yard, where he had left several of his myriad cars parked askew with the headlights on and the engines running.The deception had worked perfectly.Almost.The only wrinkle was the bloody black-clad heap in the foyer with a screwdriver protruding from his neck. Malakh searched the corpse and had to chuckle when he found a high-tech transceiver and cell phone with a CIA logo. It seems even they are aware of my power. He removed the batteries and crushed both devices with a heavy bronze doorstop.Malakh knew he had to move quickly now, especially if the CIA was involved. He strode back over to Langdon. The professor was out cold and would be for a while. Malakhs eyes moved with trepidation now to the stone pyramid on the floor beside the professors open bag. His breath caught, and his heart pounded.I have waited for years . . .His hands trembled slightly as he reached down and picked up the Masonic Pyramid. As he ran his fingers slowly across the engravings, he felt awed by their promise. Before he became too entranced, he put the pyramid back in Langdons bag with the capstone and zipped it up.I will assemble the pyramid soon . . . in a much safer location.He threw Langdons bag over his shoulder and then tried to hoist Langdon himself, but the professors toned physique weighed much more than anticipa ted. Malakh settled on grabbing him beneath the armpits and dragging him across the floor. Hes not going to like where he ends up, Malakh thought.As he dragged Langdon off, the television in the kitchen blared. The sound of voices from the TV had been part of the deception, and Malakh had yet to turn it off. The station was now broadcasting a televangelist plumping his congregation in the Lords Prayer. Malakh wondered if any of his hypnotized viewers had any idea where this prayer really came from. . . . On earth as it is in heaven . . . the group intoned.Yes, Malakh thought. As above, so below. . . . And lead us not into temptation . . .Help us master the weakness of our flesh. . . . Deliver us from evil . . . they all beseeched.Malakh smiled. That could be difficult. The darkness is growing. Even so, he had to give them credit for trying. Humans who spoke to invisible forces and requested help were a dying breed in this modern world.Malakh was dragging Langdon across the living room when the congregation declared, AmenAmon, Malakh corrected. Egypt is the cradle of your religion. The god Amon was the prototype for Zeus . . . for Jupiter . . . and for every modern face of God. To this day, every religion on earth shouted out a variation of his name. Amen Amin AumThe televangelist began quoting verses from the Bible describing hierarchies of angels, demons, and spirit up that ruled in heaven and hell. Protect your souls from evil forces he warned them. Lift your hearts in prayer God and his angels will hear youHes right, Malakh knew. But so will the demons.Malakh had learned long ago that through proper application of the Art, a practitioner could open a portal to the spiritual realm. The invisible forces that existed there, much like man himself, came in many forms, both good and evil. Those of Light healed, protected, and sought to bring order to the universe. Those of unknown functioned oppositely . . . bringing destruction and chaos.If properly summoned , the invisible forces could be persuaded to do a practitioners bidding on earth . . . thus instilling him with seemingly metaphysical power. In exchange for helping the summoner, these forces required offeringsprayers and praise for those of Light . . . and the spilling of blood for those of Dark.The greater the fall in, the greater the power that is transferred. Malakh had begun his practice with the blood of inconsequential animals. Over time, however, his choices for sacrifice had become more bold. Tonight, I take the final step.Beware the preacher shouted, warning of the coming Apocalypse. The final battle for the souls of man will soon be foughtIndeed, Malakh thought. And I shall become its greatest warrior.This battle, of course, had begun long, long ago. In ancient Egypt, those who perfected the Art had become the great Adepts of history, evolving beyond the masses to become true practitioners of Light. They moved as gods on earth. They build great temples of initiation t o which neophytes traveled from around the world to partake of the wisdom. There arose a race of golden men. For a skeleton span of time, mankind seemed poised to elevate himself and transcend his earthly bonds.The golden age of the Ancient Mysteries. And yet man, being of the flesh, was susceptible to the sins of hubris, hatred, impatience, and greed. Over time, there were those who corrupt the Art, perverting it and abusing its power for individual(prenominal) gain. They began using this perverted version to summon dark forces. A different Art evolved . . . a more potent, immediate, and intoxicating influence. such is my Art.Such is my Great Work.The illuminated Adepts and their esoteric fraternities witnessed the rising evil and saw that man was not using his newfound knowledge for the good of his species. And so they hid their wisdom to keep it from the eyes of the unworthy. Eventually, it was lost to history.With this came the Great Fall of Man.And a lasting darkness.To this day, the noble descendants of the Adepts soldiered on, grasping blindly for the Light, trying to recapture the lost power of their past, trying to keep the darkness at bay. They were the priests and priestesses of the churches, temples, and shrines of all the religions on earth. Time had erased the memories . . . detached them from their past. They no longer knew the Source from which their potent wisdom had once flowed. When they were asked about the bode mysteries of their forebears, the new custodians of creed vociferously disowned them, condemning them as heresy.Have they truly forgotten? Malakh wondered.Echoes of the ancient Art still resonated in every corner of the globe, from the occult Kabbalists of Judaism to the esoteric Sufis of Islam. Vestiges remained in the arcane rituals of Christianity, in its god-eating rites of Holy Communion, its hierarchies of saints, angels, and demons, its chanting and incantation, its holy calendars astrological underpinnings, its consecr ated robes, and in its promise of everlasting life. Even now, its priests dispelled evil spirits by swinging smoke-filled censers, ringing sacred bells, and sprinkling holy water. Christians still practiced the supernatural craft of exorcisman early practice of their faith that required the ability not only to cast out demons but to summon them.And yet they cannot see their past?Nowhere was the churchs mystical past more evident than at her epicenter. In Vatican City, at the heart of St. Peters Square, stood the great Egyptian obelisk. Carved thirteen hundred years before Jesus took his first breaththis numinous monolith had no relevance there, no link to modern Christianity. And yet there it was. At the core of Christs church. A stone beacon, screaming to be heard. A reminder to those few sages who remembered where it all began. This church, born of the womb of the Ancient Mysteries, still bore her rites and symbols. One symbol above all.Adorning her altars, vestments, spires, and Scripture was the singular image of Christianitythat of a precious, sacrificed human being. Christianity, more than any other faith, understood the transformative power of sacrifice. Even now, to honor the sacrifice made by Jesus, his followers proffered their own feeble gestures of personal sacrifice . . . fasting, Lenten renunciation, tithing.All of those offerings are impotent, of course. Without blood . . . there is no true sacrifice.The powers of darkness had long embraced blood sacrifice, and in doing so, they had grown so lovesome that the powers of goodness now struggled to keep them in check. Soon the Light would be entirely consumed, and the practitioners of darkness would move freely through the minds of men.CHAPTER 97Eight Franklin Square must exist, Sato insisted. Look it up againNola Kaye sat at her desk and adjusted her headset. Maam, Ive checked everywhere . . . that acknowledgment doesnt exist in D.C.But Im on the roof of One Franklin Square, Sato said. There has to be an EightDirector Satos on a roof? Hold on. Nola began running a new search. She was considering telling the OS director about the hacker, but Sato seemed fixated on Eight Franklin Square at the moment. Besides, Nola still didnt have all the information. Wheres that damned sys-sec, anyway?Okay, Nola said, eyeing her screen, I see the problem. One Franklin Square is the name of the building . . . not the address. The address is actually 1301 K Street.The news seemed to confound the director. Nola, I dont have time to explainthe pyramid clearly points to the address Eight Franklin Square.Nola sat bolt upright. The pyramid points to a specific location?The inscription, Sato continued, reads The secret hides within The OrderEight Franklin Square.Nola could scarcely imagine. An order like . . . a Masonic or fraternal order? I assume so, Sato replied.Nola thought a moment, and then began typing again. Maam, maybe the street numbers on the square changed over the years? I mean, if thi s pyramid is as old as legend claims, maybe the numbers on Franklin Square were different when the pyramid was built? Im now running a search without the number eight . . . for . . . the order . . . Franklin Square . . . and Washington, D.C. . . . and this way, we might get some idea if theres She stalled midsentence as the search results appeared.What have you got? Sato demanded.Nola stared at the first result on the lista spectacular image of the Great Pyramid of Egypt which served as the thematic backdrop for the home page dedicated to a building on Franklin Square. The building was unlike any other building on the square.Or in the entire city, for that matter.What stopped Nola cold was not the buildings funny architecture, but rather the description of its purpose. According to the Web site, this unusual edifice was built as a sacred mystical shrine, intentional by . . . and designed for . . . an ancient secret order.

Reaction Time Essay

Summary This investigate aimed to determine the reply time of the run musician and using the subtractive method identify the selection time and identification time of the actor. The trys had unity thespian who participated in a extreme of 6 tastes two experiments requi expiration a unsubdivided answer with a single stimulation and 4 experiments that inevitable a more complicated reception. Keywords Subtractive method the procedure of estimating the time it takes to carry out various cognitive operations.Simple answer this reaction time line has a single input and requires unaccompanied a single reaction Choice reaction In this reaction time task there are more than mavin stimulus and more than one response. to each one stimulus has its hold response. Donders A B and C reactions In this reaction time task there is more than one stimulus but only one stimulus is linked with a response. Introduction Donders A B and C reactions have been used to determine the t ime it takes to perform cognitive operations for quite around time now.In these experiments we aimed to use light and dear stimuli in the react time tasks to determine someone base time, Identification time and selection time. Using one female college student (23 years) and one individual recording the different reaction times. The experiments took place over a period of two days, with the first experiment taking place on one subsequentlynoon and the next 5 experiments a week afterward in the afternoon again. 2. Methods 2. 2 Apparatus and materials.One pen and paper to record reaction times, one Reaction task railroad car which came equipped with headphones for sound stimuli, a screen for visual stimuli and a plank of firings colored red, yellow and unfledged for responses. 2. 3 Procedure Pilot Test The musician stood on the reaction task side of the railway car and put on the headphones after having been already instructed to complot the red outlet when they heard so me(prenominal) sound and visual stimulus.The observer then zeal the machine to pilot test, simple reaction test and selected the color red. The observer then gave a visual signal to the participant to permit them agnize the experiment was about to begin. In this pilot test the participant was needful to stuff the red button each time they saw the red light fritter when it was accompanied with a congressman that said red. At the residual of a test a book signal was apt(p) by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over.The light and sound stimuli were precondition for a total of 20 times if the participant did not make any mistakes (that is pressure sensationed the red but only when both stimuli were abandoned) then the pilot test was pass with flying colorsd successfully, if not the machine would reset itself and would have to be set again and the test would be administered again. This stage was also a learning phase for both participants and o bservers as both were using this type of machine for the first time. Experiment 1.The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed they were required to press the red button each time they saw a red light. The observer then set the machine to real test, selected simple reaction and selected the color red. . There was no signal given to the participant as to when simply the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they saw the light the experiment had begun.At the end of the experiment a snuff it signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only bump off if the participant make no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 2 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphon es after having been already instructed they were required to press the red button only when they saw the red light flash across the light panel.The participant was instructed not to press a button for any other colour. The observer then set the machine to real test, selected selection reaction and pressed the clear colour button as well as the red. . There was no signal given to the participant as to when precisely the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they saw the light the experiment had begun. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes.At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 3 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already ins tructed to press the button that corresponded with the colour they saw flash across the screen i. e. see greenish light, press green button. There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they saw the light the experiment had begun.At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 4 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed to press only the red button when they heard the high frequency sound.The observer then set the machine to real test, simple reaction test and selected high frequency sound. There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they heard the sound the experiment had begun. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes.Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 5 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed to press the red button only when they heard the high frequency sound. The observer then set the machine to real test, election reaction test and selected all the frequencies. There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they heard the sound the experiment had begun.At the e nd of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 6 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pir of headphones after having been already instructed to press the button that corresponded with the frequency of sound they heard, i. e. high frequency= red button, middle frequency=green button and low frequency=yellow button.The observer then set the machine to real test, choice reaction test and selected all the frequencies. This time there was no hand signal given to the participant by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they heard the sound the experiment had begun. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer.