DBQ #1 Essay Example

DBQ #1 Paper Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies.In 1607 when the New England and the Chesapeake region colonies planted was intended originally for the same purpose, becoming independent of Spain.So exactly why did this difference in development occur?The three major factors were location, attitudes, and beliefs.With a difference in location, attitudes and beliefs where one is from seems to be of little or no importance!Which factor played the biggest part is almost impossible to decide. The locations of the two colonies are in and of itself were completely opposite.The New England Colonys growing season was shorter than that of the Chesapeake regions was.The New England Colonys land was poor and you could not collect furs or even fish very easily, making life difficult.The local Indians taught the settlers how to grow maize.The Chesapeake region settlers did not know how to make the best of the areas wildlife and fish.In addition, one could not depend on supplies from England.The attitude made a big difference also.The New England colony had a positive attitude for the most part.The Chesapeake region had several problems with peoples attitude.When the settlers started to plant and farm the well to do adventurers did not like the idea of manual labor.They came here for different reasons (money) not to make a farm settlement. Beliefs were incredibly different.The New England Colonies John Winthrop wrote the famous sermon A model of Christian Charity aboard the Arbella on the Atlantic Ocean.It deals with primarily with equality.It also recognized the fact that there were different conditions of humankind, That God in his holy and wise ways had decided.Someone elses problems were your problems and vise versa.It also acknowledged the importance of working together i

What does it mean for items to be thematically linked Essays

What does it mean for items to be thematically linked Essays What does it mean for items to be thematically linked Paper What does it mean for items to be thematically linked Paper It has been suggested that people tend to use a variety of specific strategies when performing a range of cognitive tasks. Cognitive tasks may require the thinker to use a number of different types of strategies whilst performing the following types of mental activities such as thinking, reasoning, categorisation, induction, conceptual combination, metaphor and analogies. In addition to this point the thinker may depend on or select one of many different strategies in order to achieve the cognitive task at hand. Two examples of the different types of strategies used by adults when performing cognitive tasks such as categorisation might include comparison or integration. It has been suggested by some that people tend to compare for similarity amongst taxonomically related items, where as they integrate knowledge about the items when they are thematically linked (Wisniewski Bassok, 1999). Since the brain is responsible for processing both thematic and taxonomic categories then it might depend on the problem (variations in stimuli and task instructions) being faced by the thinker as to what strategy the brain selects to solve the problem. Many cognitive theorists are interested in the mental processes involved in how people organise their knowledge of concepts in order to make efficient use of them in the future. This may be why concepts have been considered by some to be the building blocks of knowledge. Furthermore concepts might become the categories into which our mind classifies perceptions (Lakoff, 1987 [], Lamberts Shanks, 1997 [1]). However concepts in order to belong to a category need to be processed according to related features of the new item (concept) as well as existing concepts within a category. Therefore an item might be assessed according to associations with other category items. Theorists who are interested is these associations have proposed that items can be assigned to categories by way of thematic links or taxonomic links. In order to understand this view it would seem necessary to clarify the distinctions between thematic and taxonomic relations in an attempt to understand why people might tend to draw upon these different strategies whilst judging whether two or more items are related. But what are the conditions that induce such thematic links to take place? The former question is one that has remained the focus of a great deal of research within the areas of conceptual and categorical research. Until recently it was thought that children predominantly relied upon thematic relations when faced with a sorting task and that adults instead used taxonomic relations when faced with the same task. In particular two influential theorists, Inhelder and Piaget (1964 [3]) used methods like object sorting tasks to investigate conceptual development. Object sorting tasks involve the presentation of an array of objects with differing shape, size, colour and type, of which the participant must sort into coherent groups. Studies varied in the type of objects used and the instructions given to participants for example participants might be instructed to put things that go together or to put things that are alike together. Most frequently it was found that children up until the age of eight years old tended to sort items according to thematic relations. Where as beyond the age of eight similarity and taxonomic category relations tended to be the strategy used for sorting (Markman 1981, 1983 [1]). Since many past studies seemed to highlight that children heavily utilised thematic relations whilst developing categories and organising their knowledge which has also been considered as a judgement error, an important question now remains as to whether adults continue to make judgment errors through their use of thematic relations when making conceptual judgments (Lin, 1996 Markman 1989) and if so then what is the reason why this occurs? Ultimately is it an error at all? This essay intends to clarify some of the prior notions by providing evidence from a number of different studies, which have highlighted that adults do tend to make use of thematic links whilst performing cognitive tasks. To begin with contained within this essay will follow an explanation of what it means for items to be thematically linked. In particular this essay will pay attention to the cognitive task of categorisation, which involves judging whether concepts belong within the same category. Ultimately the work of Lin and Murphy in their series of ten studies will be discussed along side the work of Wisneiwski and Bassok in their series of three studies. Both studies have been chosen in order to highlight two interesting opinions regarding the nature of thematic relations used by adult thinkers. A person whilst performing a cognitive task such as categorisation could use a variety of strategies such as to distinguish an items similarity as a basis for determining whether two or more items belong within the same category. Alternatively a person (adult thinker) could utilize a strategy known as integration (Wisniewski Bassok 1999). Within the idea of integration the categoriser may concentrate on some features as well as ignoring others. For example when categorizing two objects one might pay attention to features like having different yet complementary roles within the same event or scene which is considered necessary for thematic linking whilst ignoring that they do not share a common property which is considered to be useful for linking items taxonomically. Hence a common feature that distinguishes a taxonomic category from a thematic category is that a taxonomy has a hierarchical structure, where as a thematic category does not. This structure contains groups of items of the same kind; therefore the members share a common feature or purpose. In addition to this a taxonomy may have a general subject matter such as natural kinds, artefacts or artificially constructed stimuli and this subject matter might consist of a stable structure of members ranging from specialist (super-ordinate), followed by basic to not so well known (sub-ordinate) examples. However a category might also or instead be thematically related; this knowledge usually becomes evident if a concept is taxonomically unrelated. For instance, when a person considers two or more items such as objects, people and other entities that co-occur or interact together in space and time, they could pay attention to the way in which the two items complement each other within a particular scene or event whilst ignoring whether the items share any common properties through class inclusion in other words taxonomic relations. To illustrate the former point: two items such as, chalk and board could be said to share a thematic relation, as they both tend to be used with a classroom. Where as they do not seem to share a taxonomic relation for instance they are not of the same kind nor do they share any common properties. Wisniewski and Bassok highlighted a similar idea within their paper entitled what makes a man similar to a tie. In line with the prior example it could be argued that a man is not similar to a tie (the items man and tie do not share a taxonomic relation) as a man is a human and a tie is not, a tie is made out of material and a man is not and so on. Thus if one were to consider that a man might wear a tie or that a tie signifies masculinity then based upon that thought one might consider a man similar to a tie through a thematic relation. As mentioned earlier the general assumption within the research on adults use of concepts is that they tend to use taxonomic relations as a way of distinguishing two or more items. It has since been argued that one of the reasons for this might lie within the design of the studies used to test categorisation strategies. Further to this it has also been proposed by Lin and Murphy that older children and adults might not commonly use similarity but might instead utilise thematic relations as a basis for categorisation. Therefore it might be that both adults and children do make use of thematic relations when making conceptual judgements. Could it be that the characteristics of the stimuli being considered by the thinker seem to act as a prerequisite for the process to be used regardless of age? In line with this suggestion is another view provided by Wisniewski and Bassok: Often in daily life people are not given task instructions but rather, processing is determined by properties of the stimuli around them. Therefore Wisniewski and Bassok might argue that when an adult is considering the properties of two or more stimuli they might ask themselves a number of questions like what makes an item similar to another and what sets it apart from another item? For instance a person (adult) when performing th e task of moving house might methodically sort out the things that they are going to take with them in order to make the process of unpacking easier later down the line. The logic applied to this scenario of sorting might differ from person to person depending on the strategy selected at the time by the categoriser. In this example the thinker might assess the items in terms of features like whether they look similar therefore grouping only those items that could be considered as looking the same whilst excluding items with similar uses. Where as another person might assess the items in terms of whether they are used within the same environment. For example knives despite having several uses might go in a box with many other kitchen items, as they tend to be stored within the kitchen environment. Forks might also be packed alongside knives as they too are found within the kitchen and also tend to be used with a knife during the event of eating dinner. Furthermore knives and forks are thematically linked within the event of an eating situation which usually takes place within a kitchen therefore they are not only found but also used within then kitche n. One of the few experiments conducted specifically to look at the issue of whether adults tend to prefer to choose thematically related concepts to form a category even when a taxonomic alternative exists was carried out by Lin and Murphy. In Lin and Murphys series of experiments they used a forced choice category construction tasks to investigate the prior notion. The tasks involved presenting participants with a triad of item names that referred to people, objects and events. At the top of the triangle was the target item, below that were the two other items; one of which was a thematic match and the other the taxonomic match. The participant had to choose which items goes best with the target to form a category. In one example the target item was cat with a taxonomic match of lion and a thematic alternative of litter box. Therefore the participant had to choose whether lion or litter box was the best match to form a category with cat. Lin and Murphy found contra to previous findings that almost twice as many adults within their study preferred to construct thematic categories even with the presence of taxonomic alternatives. In another series of three studies carried out by Wisniewski and Bassok (1999 [3]), the centre of attention was upon the effects of stimulus compatibility in relation to processing. These studies were designed to follow on from the Bassok and Medin (1997 [3]) study. Wisniewski and Bassok (1999 Experiments 1-3 [3]) focused on how well an item matched with another item in relation to the type of process that was selected by the thinker. In the first experiment, which looked at comparison versus integration, Wisniewski and Bassok varied items in four ways for example 1) taxonomically related and thematically related, 2) neither taxonomically nor thematically related, 3) taxonomically related but not thematically related, 4) thematically but not taxonomically related. Participants were instructed either to provide or not to provide a reason as to why they rated the pairs as being similar. They found that stimulus compatibility had an influence on the particular process selected by the thinker whilst performing a similarity judgment exercise. In addition, Wisniewski and Bassok paid particular attention to the processes of integration and comparison by suggesting that easily alignable items (taxonomic) should invoke the process of comparison where as poorly alignable items (thematic) should increase the chance of items being integrated. Furthermore they found contra to prior opinion that task instructions might not be the over-riding factor responsible for inducing the correct process for the thinker to select. The task required the participant either to provide an explanation or not to provide one whilst considering the similarity within pairs of objects. Participants were often found to integrate thematically related items even though they were instructed to compare for similarity. Where as in an additional (Wisniewski Bassok 1999, Experiment 3 [3]) study participants compared taxonomically related items whilst looking for thematic relatedness. Given that adults use of taxonomic categories has received a lot more research compared to thematic usage amongst adults it has thus been assumed that use of taxonomic categories indicates a more powerful and advanced way of thinking (Markman Callanan, 1983 [2]). A gap seems to exist since the same amount of research has not been committed to the study of adults usage of thematic relations. It may be that thematic relations amongst members within a thematic category might provide a basis for the thinker to extend knowledge to other category members. Lin and Murphy subsequently tested this notion in a series of experiments In essence the evidence discussed within this essay seems to highlight firstly that adults do indeed make use of thematic relations not only within an experimental situation but also in everyday life and secondly the need for more research to be carried out into other areas of adults use of thematic relations in particular social situations. As Markman (1981) suggested people tend to spend less time on cataloguing objects whilst trying to generate taxonomies to which objects belong and more time on organising their experiences. Therefore it might seem reasonable to assume that adults who spend time organising their experiences have an increased expertise within the field of relating experiences (scenarios and events) thematically.

Julian the Apostate, Constantius II by Ammianus Marcellinus Essay

Julian the Apostate, Constantius II by Ammianus Marcellinus - Essay Example Ammianus Marcellinus was a historian with a great sense of things. For someone who has live through the times of rich and vivid events, nothing is expected except a picturesque account of events. However, in the light of what the term history meant, accounts such that of Marcellinus may be carelessly considered as merely a narrative of personal experiences and commentaries. His writings may have the patches on; there may be biases on the accounts he had written. When confronted by events and circumstances, it is inherent for every person to choose our sides, to come up with our foregone conclusions. Historians are not excluded. For a case in point, consider his writings on Julian the Apostate and Constantius II. In such situations, there is no better way to come up with a judgment than to fairly analyze the condition and consider the circumstances. Did Marcellinus have his partiality in writing the accounts of these two figures? Moreover, did he, in terms of politics and religion, fa vor the system of Julian the Apostate over Constantius II, and have it reflect in his writings?Most accounts tell that there is not much known of Ammianus Marcellinus’ life. From sources, it is said that he was born to a noble Greek family in Antioch, Syria, about 325-330. There are no accounts of his early life and educational background. Most of the biographical information available tells that he entered the Roman army at a young age, at the time when east had Constantius II as the emperor.

The Tesco Company Way of Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Tesco Company Way of Development - Essay Example Sustained competitive advantage can be gained by offering what creates value for the customers. Porter defines value as ‘what buyers are willing to pay’. Bevan and Murphy (2001) contend that firms can do this by either lowering the costs or doing something different from competitors. Tesco had initially launched their online channel Tesco Direct but today they have moved beyond online grocery retailing and offer a wide range of products. Their website www.tesco.com enables the customers to buy online from their familiar local store. The pricing and inventory system is linked directly to Tesco.com so that the customers can select the good at the prices they are used to (MÃ ¼ller-Lankenau, Klein & Wehmeyer, 2004). They charge a nominal fee as delivery charges for their online customers. Besides, Tesco had the first-mover advantages in introducing online grocery shopping but in addition, it gained its market leading position by educating and empowering its customers to take up the online channel (Tse, 2005). This created the point of differentiation which added value to its service offering, thereby giving it the competitive advantage. Another point of differentiation in its services that Tesco has created is that it is the only retailer whose site is accessible by the disabled or the impaired people. The government of UK is attempting to make improve the quality of their life so that they live as normal a life as others. Tesco has taken the step and integrated accessibility into the main stream grocery site (Mairs, 2006).

ELECTRONIC PACKAGING AND ASSEMBLY Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ELECTRONIC PACKAGING AND ASSEMBLY - Lab Report Example The figure below shows the High Performance Lead Frame Electronic Package. I selected the concept on the basis of its power management applications in the electronics engineering field. The leads in the extended area of the design increase current competence leading to required power rating. The electronic applications in the recent years find a reduction of per transistor power rate along with higher current and power rating accompanied by better performance and speed constraints. The lead frame technology keeps these requirements to much efficient position. I have analyzed the various design considerations made in the electronics packaging sector in order to determine the actual and worth design for the potential package of electronic modules. It is known to all that the electronic package is not just outer coverings of component or assembly of components but the substrate, interconnections and covering are also included in it. The lead frame was made which comprises of a layer of conductor of electricity, a die paddle and a plurality of leads which are remote from each other and are partly bare at the base of the package. This provides a platform for fitting various components of the circuit to be built. The semiconductor chips include the bond pads which are mounted on the die plane interconnected by the wires between them and plurality of leads. There exists a minimum of two wires connected between a minimum of two bond pads and a plurality of leads with single lead. Each single lead has an extended portion required for higher perfo rmance. My study of the electronic packaging techniques revealed that they have flourished from the primitive blown and shaped slip metal packaging to the trail assemblage in print. The electronics field determines the packaging as a significant area of engineering. The overall performance of a circuit assembly can be increased by utilizing

Legal and Ethical Considerations

Legal and Ethical Considerations Legal and Ethical Considerations Formulae is looking into setting up operations and extending our business to both Guatemala and Mexico. Now, the success of these expansion projects is going to be built upon many factors, and among them legal and ethical conduct will be of the utmost importance. Both Guatemala, and Mexico have in common many culturally based legal and ethical rules. However they also have differences, and of course they not only separate each other, but also the fact that we are coming from a completely American perspective in our approach as it exists today will make the integration of local laws, and regulations a vital part of our operations in those regions and help us to better equip our people with guidelines for doing business without risking lawsuits for improper conduct. Such lawsuits would reflect badly on our organization throughout the world and could lead to individual incarcerations abroad. The old adage â€Å"dont do anything that you wouldnt be proud to tell your mother about† is a good one to keep in mind, but it simply wont be enough to guide you when dealing with foreign legal and cultural differences. The ethical side of this does not just end with the legal considerations. Mexico and Guatemala have very different ways of conducting business and day to day affairs in general. Observing the cultural norms for doing business as much as possible will make for a more attractive and comfortable environment for locally hired employees. Things like work hours, pay dates, holidays, etc should be tailored to that which is locally customary or interlaced with the currently used policies regarding those areas. It would be unrealistic and rude even to just go into these markets and try to run things as though we were still in our home country. Corruption in its many forms is a legal problem which is so well recognized that it has created a business environment in many countries that necessitated the creation and institution of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The FCPA can impose penalties upon United States businesses who are engaging in prohibited activities. Many places in the world regularly employ bribes to facilitate business transactions. Much of Central America is known for this and thus doing business in both Mexico and Guatemala makes it necessary for us to become familiar with its provisions and assure that we are not in violation. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act is broken down into three basic sections as follows (Stimmel, Stimmel Smith, P.C., 2004): The worldwide business activities of U.S. corporations must be free from paying bribes directly to foreign officials. Also, they may not offer or promise to pay, or authorize a bribe. This includes presenting of any gifts of value to foreign officials to secure or retain business or obtain an immoral accommodation. The FCPA explicitly prohibits offering business opportunities, extravagant recreation, excessive activities to promote business and covering or reimbursing expenses of officials. Charitable, political, or similar contributions are also prohibited. According to the FCPA a foreign official can be any government employee. Also included are the officers, directors, and employees of government-owned companies. Persons not considered public servants locally may be considered an official by the DOJ as well. Gifts or payments may not be made to employees of companies in which the government has any ownership. In addition to the aforementioned, the giving of gifts to a candidates for government office, officials of a political party, or the political party itself in order to obtain or retain business or to obtain an immoral accommodation. Both the Justice Department and the SEC have applied the FCPA to cover payments or gifts to members of the family of a government or party official, as well as charitable contributions. Books and records provisions, which apply to U.S. or foreign-based companies whose stock is publicly-traded in the United States, require that all companies in a controlled group or which are related entities which form part of the corporate group, maintain accurate accounting records coupled with an organizational methodology for internal controls over the companys assets. One provision of the FCPA that allows U.S. companies, U.S. citizens, and residents of the United States to be held liable for improper payments made by non-employee third parties, even payments of which they may be unaware can be a major source of risk. For example, if a U.S. company were to hire a local consultant in another country, and that person or partner were to make an improper payment or contribute part of his compensation with a government official of that country, the U.S. company that entered into the relationship with the agent could be held accountable for the actions of the hired consultant. Similarly, if a partner acted as an agent for the U.S. company, took any action to advance payment while in the United States, the FCPA would petition the partner, in addition to addressing of the U.S. company. Penalties for violating the FCPA can include imprisonment and fines. The base fine of $2,000,000.00 may be imposed for every violation. Individuals may be fined $100,000.00 per violation and imprisonment for up to five years. Employers are not allowed to pay the fines due for their employee. Violations may be cause for barring one from business actions with the Federal government, and securities. Ineligibility to receive export licenses may also result. In order to simplify matters a Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Opinion Procedure allowing for U.S. companies or nationals to request a statement of current Justice Department enforcement intentions under the antibribery provisions of the FCPA regarding proposed business conduct (Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Antibribery Provisions, 2010). Actions for which the Department of Justice has issued an opinion confirming conformity to current policy will be entitled to a presumption, in any subsequent enforcement action. Copies are released of previous opinions can be found on the Department of Justices FCPA web site. To restate from above, observing local laws and being ethically sensitive we can keep ourselves and the company from costly legal troubles. Also, it is indeed only good manners to do so and will help buoy our position in the international community. More markets will be open to doing business with us and allowing us to do business in their backyard. Always be mindful of the FCPA and know that it can and will be enforced as it has been in the past on occasions when payments to officials of public international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank were made in violation. These cases can and should be researched for reference as well. Last, I would like to stress the importance of appointing a subject matter expert or experts preferably from the legal and or HR department who can educate all employees and in so doing keep the risks of inadvertent violations to a minimum. References Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Antibribery Provisions. (2010). Retrieved February 23, 2010, from UNited States Department of Justice: http://www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/docs/dojdocb.html Stimmel, Stimmel Smith, P.C. (2004). The Federal Corrupt Practices Act: The Basics. Retrieved February 23, 2010, from Law Offices of Stimmel, Stimmel Smith A Professional Corporation: http://www.stimmel-law.com/articles/federal_corrupt_practices_act.html

Ernest J. Gainess Gathering of Old Men :: Essays Papers

Ernest J. Gaines's Gathering of Old Men In A Gathering of Old Men, by Ernest J. Gaines, racism plays a huge part of life in the south. When a white man is found dead; his family and friends start to gather to find the man who did this. After time these men start to drink and make a plan to kill the man; who just happened to be black. This just shows how even though the Civil was brought freedom to blacks, there is still hate towards them because of their skin color. After time the black men also start to gather at Mathu’s house (the man who murdered the white man) and they all bring twelve gauge shotguns. The sheriff arrives and asks who killed that man, and all the black men say, â€Å"it was me.† The sheriff then threatens to take them all to prison, but he cannot because he does not know who the murder is. The sheriff knowing the racism of the town; has a deputy stand on Mathus sidewalk to make sure nothing happens. As time goes by and the white men are starting to get angry the man who’s son was killed steps in and says â€Å"this cannot go on any longer.† This shows how after time color or race does not matter to people, and how after time a man is a man and a woman is a woman. This upsets the rest of the men even more because this shows them how they are not superior to the black men anymore. As time goes on the sheriff is starting to worry even more; because he knows the men have been drinking excessively. When night falls the sheriff and his men go home, praying that nothing will happen. By this time the white men are very drunk and want revenge. To the white men’s surprise when they arrive to Mathu’s house they are out numbered at least two to one. The white men realize that they are going to loose once again. When the white men start to shoot this shows how childish people are when they are not on top of the world. Ernest J. Gaines's Gathering of Old Men :: Essays Papers Ernest J. Gaines's Gathering of Old Men In A Gathering of Old Men, by Ernest J. Gaines, racism plays a huge part of life in the south. When a white man is found dead; his family and friends start to gather to find the man who did this. After time these men start to drink and make a plan to kill the man; who just happened to be black. This just shows how even though the Civil was brought freedom to blacks, there is still hate towards them because of their skin color. After time the black men also start to gather at Mathu’s house (the man who murdered the white man) and they all bring twelve gauge shotguns. The sheriff arrives and asks who killed that man, and all the black men say, â€Å"it was me.† The sheriff then threatens to take them all to prison, but he cannot because he does not know who the murder is. The sheriff knowing the racism of the town; has a deputy stand on Mathus sidewalk to make sure nothing happens. As time goes by and the white men are starting to get angry the man who’s son was killed steps in and says â€Å"this cannot go on any longer.† This shows how after time color or race does not matter to people, and how after time a man is a man and a woman is a woman. This upsets the rest of the men even more because this shows them how they are not superior to the black men anymore. As time goes on the sheriff is starting to worry even more; because he knows the men have been drinking excessively. When night falls the sheriff and his men go home, praying that nothing will happen. By this time the white men are very drunk and want revenge. To the white men’s surprise when they arrive to Mathu’s house they are out numbered at least two to one. The white men realize that they are going to loose once again. When the white men start to shoot this shows how childish people are when they are not on top of the world.

Research Proposal on Childhood Obesity

Child obesity is a condition characterized by the child having too much fat in the body to an extent of his or her health being in danger. In adults, it could be described as a state of having a body mass index of more than thirty (Paxon, 2006). Parents feeding them with too many calories bring about obesity in children. The excess calories are converted to fats that accumulate in the child’s body. This child will develop a big body because he or she will add weight and become quite fleshy. Obese children are at a risk of getting very adverse health effects, some of which are fatal. The study found that high blood pressure in childhood was only a weak predictor of early death and high cholesterol was not associated with premature death, but experts suggested those factors were easier to control with medication. A rare study that tracked thousands of children through adulthood found the heaviest youngsters were more than twice as likely as the thinnest to die prematurely, before age 55, of illness or a self-inflicted injury. Being overweight during childhood and adolescence increases the risk of developing high cholesterol, hypertension, respiratory ailments, orthopedic problems, depression and type 11 diabetes as a youth. One disease of particular concern is Type 11 diabetes, which has linked to overweight and obesity and has increased dramatically in children and adolescents. Watching television, using the computer, and playing video games occupy a large percentage of children’s leisure time, influencing their physical activity levels. Overweight children and adolescents are more likely to become overweight or obese adults. It is an extremely difficult cycle to break. An unhealthy diet and a sedentary lifestyle are known risk factors for the three leading causes of death in adults: cancer, stroke and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is the commonest problem facing man at present. Though the understanding of hypertension has improved considerably with an increased awareness of the disorder in the general population, the control of hypertension has been dismally poor. During my research, I personally have found that blood pressure levels often equate with low birth weight, body mass, maternal age, racial factors, childhood obesity, insulin levels, an elevated blood pressure during childhood, and a positive family history. In fact, children from hypertensive families generally tend to have higher blood pressure levels than kids from normotensive families. Besides, there is also a greater association in blood pressure levels between fathers and their children. One of the major causes of obesity to be addressed is eating excess calories from energy rich foods. Eating a variety of healthy foods is necessary for optimal growth and development, Protects against disease and provides energy to play, explore and learn. This is also accompanied by inadequate exercising or working out. This results in fats accumulating in the body. Parents should monitor their children’s feeding habits and take them for regular check-up. There are many ways that parents can help their children on a healthier path. Start early to establish healthy eating practices at home; be a role model, kids love to follow if lead by example. Plan healthier snacks that meet the nutritional needs and kids enjoy eating as well. To determine whether a child is obese or not, his or her body mass index is measured. It is then compared to the child’s height. In case a child is obese, treatment should be sought promptly before more damage is done by this condition. The diet should be balanced and meals should be eaten in a regular schedule. The child should also be assisted to shed the unnecessary weight. This should be done using the safest method. The child should also be encouraged to work out a lot and be very active. The find acquired so far include prevention and the long-term effects that would be brought on by by obesity. To prevent obesity from affecting one’s child, the parent should ensure that he or she eats low-calorie foods. The child should also increase the intake of fruits, vegetables and water. A child should be encouraged to participate in outdoor activities such as sports and games. If a child becomes obese and little or nothing is done, there are long-term effects. These include diseases like coronary issues and problems with respiratory system. Due to poor health, children may not live up to their potential. Parents’ spending a fortune for their child treatments brings non-satisfaction and potential depression (Kazaks & Stern, 2009). Mothers who have jobs do not directly cause weight problems in their children, but families that are busy not really having the time to prepare food that rely on fast food and frozen dinners. Addressing obesity in children is a very vital issue. It is important to understand what causes this condition, how to identify it, treat and prevent it. The health of our children is the most important thing. No parent would like their children to suffer terminal diseases or die at an early age especially because of obesity. Children would also want to live up to their dreams and achieve their best. Obesity has been noted to cause not only body disorders but also mental instability in children. A child who is obese will probably have low self-esteem, suffer depression and be very inactive. It is important to address the problem in order to avoid all the likely consequences caused by obesity.

Polygraph Testing

Polygraph Testing A polygraph test sometimes known as a ‘lie detector test’ is an examination procedure used to detect lies. This test is done using a machine known as a polygraph. It registers the body’s involuntary responses to an interrogator’s questions. This in turn ascertains the deceptive behavior of the individual being examined (Kozel, Padgett George, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Polygraph Testing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Usually, the polygraph test assesses three parts of a human beings system. A forensic Psych physiologist usually analyses several moving lines from a computer, which shows the behavior of the body responses. These lines always differ depending on the emotional reaction of the individual to the questions. Polygraphs are commonly used in criminal investigations, but nowadays government bodies as well as organizations use polygraphs on their potential emplo yees. The first lie detector was invented in 1917 by William M. Marston. In 1923, the struggle to reveal verbal deception through observation on systolic blood pressure was stopped by courts. The D.C court of appeals stated that Marston’s lie detector machine did not give sufficient scientific support. Marston’s invention shed light to the invention of a more advanced polygraph in 1921 by John Augustus Larson. However, this medical student from the University of California got a helping hand from a police officer who was based in Berkeley Police Department in California. Since that time many devices have been made. An example is Berkeley Psychograph which is a blood pressure recorder that was made by C.D Lee later in 1936 and the Darrow Behavior Research photograph developed in 1941. John Reid came up with a device in 1945. It documented any energetic activity. My Opinion The fundamental idea of using the polygraph is to detect lies. This ideology is feasible since whe n someone is cheating, there is always a tendency to become measurably nervous. It has been argued that polygraphs are reliable if well-trained polygraph examiners are used to carry out the procedure. This is because a highly trained polygraph examiner is an expert in both interrogation and technical operation. These qualifications together with experience enable the polygraph examiner to detect the truthfulness of an individual. A recent survey carried in Michigan State, showed that a great number of agencies using polygraphs support its use since it discloses information that cannot be got by any other methods. The survey also shows that background information can be established easily when polygraphs are used to examine individuals and these therefore deters undesirable interviewees. Additionally, the survey also shows that it is a quicker means of selection. Polygraph testing has however been criticized by many people in U.S.A. This makes polygraph testing a controversial matter between the government agencies and the public. Several human rights societies among other institutions argue that polygraph testing can be a source of tremendous anxiety.Advertising Looking for research paper on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is therefore possible individuals hiding nothing may fail the test. Furthermore, polygraph examinations are interrogations that can scare innocent people who end failing them for no apparent reason. This results into denial of justice and even employment for organizations which use this kind of selection method. Polygraph testing is essential in the law enforcement arena; the procedure can help the authorities achieve their goals in handling cases by carrying out productive interrogations. Polygraphs are accurate since subjects who believe that the device is perfect would rather confess than wait for the device to ‘detect the truth’. It is also com mon for people lying to show the same physiological behavior and vice versa. The test may therefore give desired results and help in the smooth running of law enforcement. It is argued that unless someone is a trained and experienced criminal, a polygraph test evaluation may expose him or her. He continues to argue that since an individual undergoes the test twice or less in his life, it is hard for him to lie but instead say the truth. Polygraph tests deliver facts than lies in the course of an interrogation. Provision of useful information is consequently achieved. Bar-Hillel and Ben-Shakhar assert that many people who expect to be tested would prefer saying the truth than to be embarrassed on their dishonesty (p.78). My Recommendations Polygraph testing is known to provide little basis for accuracy and should not be heavily relied on. Other supporting selection methods should be included in examinations. This would in turn yield the required results. Physiological responses analy zed by polygraphs can at times reflect the opposite of the real scenario due to many factors that may be having adverse effects on the subject. For instance, health factors control the human body. If at all an individual is sick, it is possible that there may be an interference with their body’s normal functioning. This is bound to give wrong signals during a test. Polygraphs should not be used in future since physiological responses measured by the tests are never uniquely correlated with deception. Some responses can consciously be controlled and in turn have an effect on the polygraph measures. References Bar-Hillel, M. Ben-Shakhar, G. (1986). The Prior Case against Graphology. In B. Nevo (Ed.), Scientific Aspects of Graphology (pp.76-80).Chicago: Charles C.Thomas Kozel, F.A., Padgett, T.M. George, M.S. (2004). A Replication Study of the Neural Correlates of Deception. Behavioral Neuroscience. London: Prentice Hall.Advertising We will write a custom research pape r sample on Polygraph Testing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

The Jungle Upton Sinclaire essays

The Jungle Upton Sinclaire essays Upton Sinclairs The Jungle takes place in Packingtown, an area of Chicago, around the turn of the 20th century. This book takes an intimate look at an immigrant family facing the hardships of a laborers life, trying to fight the hollowness of the American Dream, how capitalism essentially breaks a family apart. The main goal of The Jungle is to exploit capitalist world and try to persuade the reader that socialism is the way out of the evils of capitalism. This book also uncovered the dangerous and unsanitary conditions of the meat packing plants that sold diseased and rotten meat to unsuspected customers, which led to various acts to guarantee sanitary conditions. Upton Sinclair uses a naive Lithuanian immigrant family in this novel to reveal the troubles and difficulties they have when they come to American expecting high wages and a good life. The hypocrisy of the American Dream is exposed and they find themselves in a land of exploitation and prejudice. Corruption, which is portrayed as a direct result of capitalism, is a main theme throughout the book. Jurgis family quickly finds out that laws are not enforced, politicians are out for their own gain, and salesman lie about their merchandise. Instead of hard work and morality, the family finds a world where people try to get ahead by taking advantage of the innocent and unwary. When buying their first house, there were countless hidden costs and fees they did not know about. The family becomes subject to swindles, manipulation and rape by a boss, not what they subscribed to. At the end, Jurgis realizes that capitalism is brutal, inhuman, and unjust. It leads to the destruction of children and the break down of family values and traditions. The only hope for a better life is socialism. Socialism is portrayed to benefit everyone, to fulfill morality, and restore humanity to the working class. Throughout the course of reading this book, I was forced ...

Social Capital Creation and Sustainable Relationship among Stakeholder Dissertation

Social Capital Creation and Sustainable Relationship among Stakeholder in Construction Business in Thailand - Dissertation Example The other objective of this study is related to the creation of sustainable relationships in between the stakeholders of the organisations operating its business in the construction industrial sector of Thailand. Hence, the previous works related to the importance of such kind of stakeholder relationships in organisations can prove to be very much helpful in conducting the present research study. In addition to this, various kinds of business relationships that can be found in an organisation with special reference to cultural relationship traits found in Southeast Asian nations and Thailand will also be discussed here. This research study will try to build a model related to social capital possessed by companies operating in the construction industry of Thailand which can prove to be advantageous for the related companies in Thailand. Therefore, this literature review will give insights to some of the existing theories and models related to social capital. All these facts will help to attain the research objectives of this study utilizing the literature review as discussed in this section. 2.2 The Importance of Social Capital Many empirical studies have been conducted regarding the importance of social capital and have been mentioned in the existing literature by different authors. A wide range of socio-economic phenomenon related to the importance of social capital can be found in many of the existing literature presented by various authors (Durlauf, 2002, pp. 1-31; Krishna, 2001, pp 71-93). Research on social capital has resulted in various theoretical debates and different empirical investigations being conducted. This again has resulted in giving a stimulus towards reconsidering facts related to human relations, organisational forms for developmental performance and life quality, networks, etc. The importance of theory related to social capital is observable because of the application of the concept of social capital in various fields and its widespread in terest amongst different organisations and its stakeholders. The existing studies and literature gives way to ample evidences regarding the political, social and economic implications of social capital. However, according to Halpern et al. (2002), there are ambiguities or misspecifications related to the models or equations that have been utilized to measure the impacts of social capital. Thus, the social and economic outcomes that arise based on the empirical evidence related to the importance and significance of social capital need to be dealt with caution. Without having a rigorous method formulated for the purpose of measuring the importance of social culture, it is not clear as to how those benefits associated with social capital can be tested or ascertained (Halpern, 2001, pp. 236-251). However, it can be found as a surprising fact that the

Fast food in American culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fast food in American culture - Essay Example n American eats at a fast food restaurant is probably four to five times a week indicating towards the trends that people do basically not prefer to cook at their own homes. (Counihan) The history of fast food in America is almost 70 years old when during the first half of the 20th century; an individual with the name of Carl Karcher started to sell the hot dogs and other fast food products. This was basically to provide the speedy service to the customers and it gradually became the main characteristics of the American life also which value speed and efficiency much. It is therefore important to note that fast food has some deep impacts on the way American life actually work and how the common Americans act and respond in certain situations. Fast food as the name suggests is the food which can be prepared and served very quickly however, it is also important to note that any meal which is prepared within shortest possible time can be considered as fast food. Fast food is served over small kiosks or through restaurants and some of the best restaurants offer fast food through their chains. McDonalds, KFC, Burger King are some of the fast food chains offering different kind of burgers and sandwiches as well as other fast food stuff including coffee also. Coupled with the business of fast food chains is the concept of franchising wherein the fast food restaurants basically sell their ideas and operational secrets to whoever purchase the franchise and sell under the same name. The rapid spread of fast food culture and restaurants is mostly a result of the process of franchising wherein the original owners of the restaurants provided the support; brand name and recipes to franchisees in order sell the similar product. The culture of fast food eating also flourished as the US economy started to grow and the average hourly rates of common Americans increased. This increase in the income of the persons actually allowed them to afford the luxury of eating out and thus